P2Y purinoceptor 12 Antibodies

P2Y purinoceptor 12 (P2ry12)

Receptor for ADP and ATP coupled to G-proteins which inhibit the adenylyl cyclase second messenger system. Required for normal platelet aggregation and blood coagulation.

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Gene Information

Rat
Gene Name:	P2ry12
Uniprot:	Q9EPX4
Entrez:	64803

Family

Belongs to:
G-protein coupled receptor 1 family

Alternative Names

ADPG-R; Gi-coupled ADP receptor HORK3; HORK3; HORK3P2Y12 platelet ADP receptor; P2RY12; P2T(AC); P2Y purinoceptor 12; P2Y(AC); P2Y(ADP); P2Y(cyc); P2Y12; P2Y12ADP-glucose receptor; purinergic receptor P2RY12; purinergic receptor P2Y, G-protein coupled, 12; putative G-protein coupled receptor; SP1999; SP1999G-protein coupled receptor SP1999

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
39.047 kDA

Genomic Context

Rat
Location:	2q26
Sequence:	2;

Diseases

• Thrombosis
• Hemorrhage
• Acute Coronary Syndrome
• Coronary Artery Disease
• Myocardial Infarction
• Infarction
• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Thrombus
• Cerebrovascular Accident
• Tissue Adhesions
• Atherosclerosis
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Coronary Heart Disease

• Arterial Thrombosis
• Dental Plaque
• Von Willebrand Disease
• Inflammation
• Pertussis
• Bleeding Tendency
• Angina Pectoris

Pathways

• Platelet Aggregation
• Platelet Activation
• Secretion
• Hemostasis
• Coagulation
• Pathogenesis
• Chemotaxis
• Integrin Activation
• Receptor Recycling
• Transport
• Localization
• Cell Proliferation
• Receptor Internalization

• Translation
• Macrophage Chemotaxis
• Cell Adhesion
• Cell Activation
• Intestinal Absorption
• Fibrinolysis
• Vasoconstriction

PTMs

• Phosphorylation
• Reduction

• Dephosphorylation
• Cleavage

• Nitrosylation

Research Areas

• GPCR

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/P2ry12

Best Uses of the P2RY12 Marker

The P2RY12 Marker is one of the most frequently expressed genes in gliomas and is known to be inversely correlated with markers for peripherally recruited macrophage activation. In addition, the expression level of this gene is associated with various characteristics of gliomas, including localization, IDh2 mutation, and MGMT methylation status. To better understand the uses of this gene, we've reviewed some of the current literature on the gene and discussed the latest research.

P2RY12 immunoreactivity correlates with tumor grade

The expression of P2RY12 in gliomas is correlated with the tumor grade. It is also associated with the predominant M1/M2 immune response. In a recent study, P2RY12 expression was correlated with overall survival in a murine glioma model. Although the function of resident microglia remains largely unknown, the P2RY12 marker may play a role in the disease progression.

The expression of P2RY12 in gliomas was examined in murine gliomas and human gliomas of different WHO grades. Clinical data from TCGA glioblastoma databases was used to correlate P2RY12 expression with tumor grade. Furthermore, the tumors were assessed based on their IDh2 mutation status and MGMT methylation status.

Furthermore, in the TCGA glioma database, P2RY12 mRNA expression was inversely correlated with malignancy grade. Interestingly, P2RY12 expression in low-grade gliomas shifted from the cytoplasm to the nuclear domain in high-grade tumors. In addition, cytoplasmic expression of P2RY12 was associated with M1 markers associated with pro-inflammatory macrophage responses, while nuclear localization was associated with M2 markers.

Positive cells for P2RY12 were mainly found in A II while low-expressing cells were observed in AA and GBM. Cells stained positively for P2RY12 were mostly amoeboid, with typical ramified cell processes. In contrast, cells with high CD163 staining were predominantly negative for the protein, whereas cells with high P2RY12 expression were positive for CD163.

Expression levels are inversely correlated with markers for peripheral recruited microglia/macrophage activation

The IPA analysis identified the functions most associated with microglia and their relationship to the development of the nervous system. GeneGo analysis identified PU.1, a transcription factor associated with microglia, as the most affected gene. The results of canonical pathway analysis also revealed that TGF-b was the most affected molecule in microglia.

Researchers conducted the study using single-eye mRNA-sequencing of retinal microglia from mice after endotoxin-induced uveitis. Female heterozygotes were treated with tamoxifen. Lipopolysaccharide was injected into mice. Then, six hundred retinal microglia were obtained from these mice and analysed using FACS.

Interestingly, P2RY12 is inversely correlated with markers for peripherally recruited microglia/macrophaga activation. The results of this study support that the P2RY12 gene is inversely correlated with markers for peripheral recruited microglia/macrophage activation in glioma.

Moreover, the results also reveal that the recruitment of peripheral cells is correlated with the presence of a-synuclein fibrils and inclusions. The a-synuclein protein, in particular, is a strong marker for peripheral recruited microglia/macrophage activation.

The MCAO-induced hyperproliferation of CD45highCD11b+ cells is associated with significant upregulation of P2RY12 and Tmem119 in CD45high myeloid cell populations. The total CD45highCD11b+ cells in the MCAO-treated mice were CD45int/Tmem119+P2RY12+. This study suggests that peripherally sourced myeloid cells are important for the immune vigilance of the brain.

The tumor associated macrophages are crucial in the progression of tumors and their resistance to therapies. Different cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes secreted by these cells contribute to tumorigenesis, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. Chinese materia medica is an important approach in the treatment of cancer, and it regulates the internal environment of the body.

Localization correlates with tumor stage

A recent study has found that the nuclear expression of S100A4 protein is related to tumor stage. This association was not seen with the cytoplasmic expression of the protein. This correlation could be explained by the possible involvement of the protein in gene regulatory pathways, which are relevant to the metastatic behavior of cancer cells. In this study, S100A2 and p53 were both colocalized in the same cell type.

The tumor cells expressing SOX9, YAP1, and HMGB1 showed significantly different nuclear and cytoplasmic expression patterns. These tumor cells were also significantly different in terms of the HMGB1 site index. However, expression of all three markers was not significantly correlated with the pathologic M stage. This suggests that the translocation of these molecules from the nucleus to the cytoplasm may be associated with tumor stage.

Antibodies are available from a number of suppliers

Several antibody suppliers offer a wide range of products, including monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies. Abbiotec, for example, produces monoclonal antibodies that target a variety of protein targets, including neurotransmitters, kinases, and enzymes. Other antibody suppliers include Capricorn Products and the Cayman Chemical Company. These companies offer antibodies and assays for various areas of research. Lastly, Abcam offers a large variety of mono and polyclonal antibodies, cell separation media, antibody conjugates, and isotype controls for various research applications.

Before ordering antibodies, be sure to check their storage and handling conditions. Freeze-thawing cycles of the delivery van can make the antibodies inactive. Although primary antibodies can last for months at 4degC, they can become inactive at high temperatures. To prevent this, keep them in a -80degC freezer. While many suppliers provide free samples for testing, they aren't always reliable, and can deteriorate rapidly.

Alper Biotech produces monoclonal antibodies that bind with high specificity and sensitivity. It also manufactures peptides and antigens for rapid diagnostic tests. Alpha Diagnostic International manufactures over 5000 polyclonal antibodies. The company also offers custom peptides and antibodies for immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry. These companies are renowned for producing high quality monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made proteins that mimic the immune system's own ability to fight disease. Currently, there are three monoclonal antibody treatments approved for non-hospitalized patients. Moreover, monoclonal antibodies are available for order by healthcare facilities. If you need antibodies, consult the website below. All of the suppliers are listed at the bottom of the page. It is also important to note that the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has announced that it will switch to a state-coordinated distribution system starting September 13, 2021.