GPBAR1 Antibodies

G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1)

Receptor for bile acid. Bile acid-binding induces its internalization, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and intracellular cAMP production.

May be involved in the suppression of macrophage functions by bile acids. .

Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	GPBAR1
Uniprot:	Q8TDU6
Entrez:	151306

Family

Belongs to:
G-protein coupled receptor 1 family

Alternative Names

BG37; BG37hBG37; G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1; GPBA; GPBAR1; GPCR19; GPR131; G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 1; G-protein coupled bile acid receptor BG37; G-protein coupled receptor GPCR19; M-BAR; M-BARhGPCR19; membrane bile acid receptor; Membrane-type receptor for bile acids; MGC40597; TGR5; TGR5GPCR

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
35.248 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	2q35
Sequence:	2; NC_000002.12 (218259496..218263861)

Tissue Specificity

Ubiquitously expressed. Expressed at higher level in spleen and placenta. Expressed at lower level in other tissues. In digestive tissues, it is expressed in stomach, duodenum, ileocecum, ileum, jejunum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, cecum and liver, but not in esophagus and rectum.

Subcellular Localizations

Cell membrane; Multi-pass membrane protein.

Diseases

• Obesity
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Metabolic Diseases
• Diabetes Mellitus, Non-insulin-dependent
• Liver Diseases
• Inflammation
• Cholecystolithiasis
• Insulin Resistance
• Atherosclerosis
• Insulin Sensitivity
• Fatty Liver
• Cholestasis
• Biliary Tract Diseases

• Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
• Pancreatitis
• Dyslipidemias
• Fibrosis
• Steatosis
• Liver Regeneration Disorder
• Dysequilibrium Syndrome

Pathways

• Secretion
• Glucose Homeostasis
• Energy Homeostasis
• Cholesterol Homeostasis
• Cell Proliferation
• Localization
• Transport
• Liver Regeneration
• Regeneration
• Gallstone Formation
• Cytokine Production
• Pathogenesis
• Programmed Cell Death

• Zymogen Activation
• Immune Response
• Gluconeogenesis
• Intestinal Absorption
• Inflammatory Response
• Reverse Transcription
• Phagocytosis

PTMs

• Phosphorylation
• Oxidation

• Cleavage
• Methylation

Research Areas

• GPCR

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/GPBAR1

Best Uses For the GPBAR1 Marker

An antibody can be used to detect the GPBAR1 proteins in biological samples. Boster Bio has an Anti-GPBAR1 Marker antibody available for sale that reacts with human, mouse, and rat samples. The antibody is stable when stored at 4 degrees C or -20 degrees Celsius. All antibodies are tested against known negative and positive samples. This article will cover some of the best uses that the GPBAR1 Marker can be used.

Anti-GPBAR1 marker antibody

Boster Bio Anti–GPBAR1Marker antibody recognizes glycophorin, also known by CD235a. It is non-hazardous. It can be used in 10mM PBST with 0.05% BSA, azide and a saline solution. It also comes with a blocking protein. This peptide can be varied in length and binds directly to the immunogen. The Boster Bio Anti–GPBAR1 marker antibody has been validated using a variety of methods, including ELISA and Flow Cymetry.

Specificity

To detect apoptosis within a variety tissues, a genetic marker for Gpbar1 is possible. These tissues include pancreas, adipose, and pancreas. The marker has shown to be sensitive against TCA and CDCA. Its selective ligation can result in the transactivation of the EGFR signaling pathway in cancer cells.

Gpbar1/ mice with inflammation bowel disease show a higher number of M1 microphages than the controls. In addition, mice lacking the Gpbar1 genes have a higher pro-inflammatory phenotype than controls at steady state. These mice also exhibit an increased risk of severe colitis. Furthermore, naive Gpbar1-/ mice show increased expression of signature cytokines in the gastrointestinal tract.

GpBAR1 marked was found in the stomach (pancreas), and myenteric. It was not found in the duodenum and esophagus. However, it was expressed at lower levels within the muscularis externa or submucosa. This suggests GpBAR1 might be found in mucosa.

Although there aren't yet any conclusive studies, the GpBAR1 mark is a useful tool in monitoring tumor progression and detecting early signs. The marker is highly specific and not well understood in gastrointestinal disease. The marker is available in lentivirus, AAV, and oligo forms. These molecules can be used only for research purposes, and they are not approved for therapeutic or diagnostic use.

This gene encodes the soluble GPBAR1. GPBAR1 can be found in intestinal DCs and NKT-cells in humans. However, the receptor also regulates the maturation and maturation CD14+ monocytes to mature DCs. Studies on GPBAR1 confirmed previous findings, suggesting that the gene may be involved with other aspects of innate immunology. The marker also indicates the presence of GpBAR1 in intestinal inflammatory disease.

Applications

GPBAR1 controls activation in macrophages (monocytes) and macrophages. Inhibitors of this receptor may be used to treat inflammatory disorders. In vitro experiments have shown that L3740 antagonists increase GPBAR1 gene expression. This research provides the basis for developing drugs that target GPBAR1.

GLP-1 secretagogues' mechanism of action is still unknown. However, it is believed GLP-1 stimulates L cells to differentiate and grow in the intestinal epithelia. GLP-1 stimulates the local amplified release of serotonin which leads to differentiation of L cells. GPBAR1 activation is also beneficial for the expression of many transcription factors.

The GPBAR1 gene can be found expressed in several cell types, including human monocytes or macrophages. It can be detected in human blood cells and other tissues. It can be used to identify the source of many types of diseases. GPBAR1 expression could be a useful marker to identify cancerous cells. It is important for identifying the source of infectious disease and apoptosis.

An EAE mouse model shows that there is a reduced number monocytes expressing GPBAR1 and this suggests that these cells are not able to be reactivated locally. This reduced activation state may be due to the diminished antigen-presenting ability of myeloid cells. As a consequence, monocytes do not proliferate and remain low in the brain. This result has spawned more research in inflammatory disease.

UDCA has been used to treat Crohn's disease patients. Experimental data suggests that UDCA may be useful in the treatment IBD. GPBAR1 ligands may also cause diarrhea in certain cases. These compounds have been shown in rodents to cause bile acid-induced itching. This research will increase our understanding of GPBAR1 function and provide new insights on inflammatory disease.

Safety

This research examined whether the GPBAR1 protein was safe for patients with IBD. It was found that the marker had a beneficial impact on the disease. Additionally, the results showed that UDCA was not associated with diarrhea and may even be helpful in treating the condition. The future focus of these markers will be on their potential use in IBD patients. However, side effects from GPBAR1 ligands such as diarrhea are possible.

GPBAR1 was associated with increased secretion bile acids in a rodent model for colitis. This is related to the importance of GPBAR1 in colonic secretion and motor function. Before implementing this gene into clinical trial, safety studies must be done. Although it is too early to say if this gene may cause itching in humans it has important implications regarding the development IBD.

In a mouse model of IBD, impaired expression of GPBAR1 promotes inflammatory bowel disease. This study also found that IBD patients might be affected by bile acids. Moreover, these studies suggest that the GPBAR1 gene might have therapeutic potential in people with IBD. If this is the case, it would be beneficial for the development of therapies. The bile-activated receptor, if there is a genetic link between IBD and GPBAR1, may be a candidate.

Availability

Boster Bio Anti-GPCR/GPBAR1 is available in a wide variety of applications. These antibodies have undergone extensive validation in immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and western blot methods. Researchers around the world can purchase Boster bio products at a very affordable price. You can easily order a GPBAR1 antibody for your project with confidence and use them in your research.