DLD Antibodies

Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (DLD)

Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the glycine cleavage system as well as an E3 part of three alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes (pyruvate-, alpha-ketoglutarate-, and branched-chain amino acid-dehydrogenase complicated ) (PubMed:15712224, PubMed:16442803, PubMed:16770810, PubMed:17404228, PubMed:20160912, PubMed:20385101). The 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is mostly active in the mitochondrion (PubMed:29211711).

A fraction of this 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex also localizes in the nucleus and is required for lysine succinylation of histones: partners with KAT2A on chromatin and supplies succinyl-CoA to histone succinyltransferase KAT2A (PubMed:29211711). In monomeric form may have added moonlighting function as serine protease (PubMed:17404228).

Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	DLD
Uniprot:	P09622
Entrez:	1738

Family

Belongs to:
class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family

Alternative Names

2-oxo-glutarate complex, branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase complex); branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase complex; Diaphorase; dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase; dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenasemitochondrial; DLD; DLDD; DLDH; E3 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, 2-oxo-glutarate complex; E3; EC 1.8.1; EC 1.8.1.4; GCSL; Glycine cleavage system L protein; glycine cleavage system protein L; LAD; Lipoamide Dehydrogenase; lipoamide reductase; lipoyl dehydrogenase; PHE3

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
54.177 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	7q31.1
Sequence:	7; NC_000007.14 (107891107..107921198)

Subcellular Localizations

Mitochondrion matrix. Nucleus. Cell projection, cilium, flagellum. Cytoplasmic vesicle, secretory vesicle, acrosome. Mainly localizes in the mitochondrion. A small fraction localizes to the nucleus, where the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is required for histone succinylation.

Diseases

• Language Development Disorders
• Language Disorders
• Autistic Disorder
• Lung Diseases
• Malignant Tumor Of Colon
• Neoplasms
• Malignant Neoplasms
• Hypertensive Disease
• Carcinoma
• Malnutrition
• Acidosis
• Colonic Neoplasms

• Pulmonary Fibrosis
• Developmental Disabilities
• Alzheimer's Disease
• Lung Diseases, Interstitial
• Fibrosis
• Diabetes Mellitus

Interacting Proteins

• PDHX
• PRDX6
• YWHAE

Pathways

• Pathogenesis
• Localization
• Transport
• Cell Growth
• Fermentation
• Angiogenesis
• Regeneration
• Acrosome Reaction
• Electron Transport
• Hypersensitivity
• Neurogenesis
• Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Methylation

• Cytokine Production
• Cell Death
• Sperm Capacitation
• Cell Adhesion
• Osteoblast Differentiation
• Sulfate Reduction
• Chondrocyte Hypertrophy

PTMs

• Oxidation
• Cleavage
• Phosphorylation
• Methylation

• Ubiquitination
• Demethylation
• Nitration
• Decarboxylation

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/DLD

Best Uses of the DLD Marker by Boster Bio

This article will examine the DLD marker that is a biomarker which can be used to identify DLD. We'll look at Boster Bio's Anti-PCNA Antibody as well as HelSLI’s DLD subprojects. We'll also go over the Boster Bio PicoKine (tm) ELISA kits and how Boster scientists can use the kits for specific samples.

A protective and risk-independent factor

Multiple interactions between genes and the environment are at the root of the causes of developmental language disorders. The perisylvian part of the brain which is the most important part of language processing are often a reason behind developmental language difficulties. The exact mechanisms that cause these disorders aren't known. In spite of the specific etiological causes, these disorders could have significant behavioral and cognitive consequences.

There is a link between DLD and poor communication skills however, how can one determine if an individual is at risk? Researchers have been trying to determine if these variables are associated with the disorder by studying the features involved in it. The DLD marker can be assessed for tense marking and nonword repetition. Both methods can be useful in different contexts. Researchers have discovered that the first method can identify 90% of children who suffer from the disorder, while the latter identifies 85 percent of children who do not have.

HelSLI's subprojects on DLD

The five subprojects of HelSLI's HelSLI on DLD examine the characteristics of children and interactions between parents and children to better understand how these traits influence the development of language. The hypothesis is that child temperament and interaction with parents help to promote language development in children with DLD. HelSLI will analyze and collect data from more than 2,000 children, with the goal of improving our understanding of how these influences affect the development of language.

The study recruited four groups of children that were monolingual DLD from the Audiophoniatric Ward for Children in Helsinki, bilingual TD from a pediatrics department, and bilingual TD from kindergartens across the greater Helsinki area. The four groups were followed until they reached school age. The four subprojects were all completed, and a more clear picture was obtained of the effects of bilingualism.

The study began in January 2013. The number of children aged three to six who had suspected DLD and who fulfilled the inclusion criteria has already reached over 500. These children will be assessed annually during 2014-2018 with the final follow-up taking place before they begin school. The majority of follow-up evaluations are carried out in kindergartens. Children who are not part of the Helsinki metro area are not followed up unless they are assessed by the Department of Phoniatrics for clinical reasons.

The DLD project will employ longitudinal design to create an understanding of the development of language and language environment that will allow for the determination of causal and related factors. This allows the creation of computer-based individualized interventions that address the individual differences. This approach will also help find new solutions to difficulties with language in children who have DLD. This is only the beginning. The HelSLI team is eager to get going! Stay tuned for more subprojects!

PicoKine(tm) is an ELISA kit made by HelSLI

HelSLI's PicoKines ELISA kits for the DLD marker are highly sensitive and specific. They reduce background and non-specific binding while achieving picogram-level sensitivity. Each kit contains reagents for the 96 test. The reagents are stored at 37 degrees Celsius for up to one week. The kit is available at tebubio.

Multiple levels of analysis are employed in the study design This allows researchers to validate subgroups that have been suggested by other levels. This will enable researchers to identify probabilistic and causal relationships between different levels of analysis and help to understand the connection between bilingualism and DLD. To achieve this, HelSLI uses multiple levels of analysis. This allows them to pinpoint the root of developmental problems at different levels.

Boster's Anti-PCNA Antibody

The Anti-PCNA Antibody produced by Boster Bio has been validated by the company to be an effective anti-PCNA antibody. The antibody reacts with human, mouse, and the rat cell. It can be stored at -20°C for a full year and at 4degC for one month. It is composed of sodium acetate (BSA) and mouse ascites fluid and sodium ascetate (NSA), and 0.01 mg NaN3 for preserving it. The antibody is available in a variety of colors and blocking peptides are available to further distinguish cellular PCNA.

The anti-PCNA antigen is derived of a monoclonal antibodies against PCNA, a 36 kD protein which functions as a clamp that slides DNA-polymerase d. The protein is highly conserved between different species. To preserve the antibody, place it between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius. Avoid prolonged sunlight exposure and avoid freezing.