Dhx36 Antibodies

ATP-dependent DNA/RNA helicase DHX36 (Dhx36)

Proposed to have an international role in regulating mRNA expression including transcriptional regulation and mRNA stability. Binds with high affinity to and resolves tetramolecular RNA and DNA quadruplex structures.

Binds to quadruplex structures in the promoters of both YY1 and ALPL genes and regulates their expression. Binds to telomerase RNA template component (TERC) 5'-end (nucleotides 1-43) and unwinds an inner quadruplex formation in TERC 5'-end to market P1 helix formation; the P1 helix acts as a template boundary ensuring accurate reverse transcription and is interrupted by quadruplex formation.

Gene Information

Mouse
Gene Name:	Dhx36
Uniprot:	Q8VHK9
Entrez:	72162

Family

Belongs to:
DEAD box helicase family

Alternative Names

DDX36; DEAH (Asp-Glu-Ala-His) box polypeptide 36; DEAH box protein 36; EC 3.6.1; EC 3.6.4.13; G4 resolvase-1; KIAA1488G4R1; MLEL1RHAUDEAD/H (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp/His) box polypeptide 36; MLE-like protein 1; probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX36; RNA helicase associated with AU-rich element ARE

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
113.883 kDA

Genomic Context

Mouse
Location:	3|3 E1
Sequence:	3;

Diseases

• Malignant Neoplasms
• Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
• Radiation Chimera Disorder
• Anemia
• Malignant Neoplasm Of Breast
• Hepatitis
• Communicable Diseases
• Ataxia
• Malignant Neoplasm Of Liver
• Leukopenia
• Hepatitis C
• Virus Diseases

• Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital
• Colorectal Neoplasms
• Anemia, Hemolytic
• Mammary Neoplasms
• Colorectal Cancer
• Liver Cirrhosis

Pathways

• Localization
• Translation
• Telomere Maintenance
• Spermatogenesis
• Regeneration
• Reverse Transcription
• Regulation Of Gene Expression

• Viral Replication

PTMs

• Acetylation

• Phosphoprotein

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/Dhx36

Best Uses Of The DHX36 Marker

DHX36 regulates gene expression via post-transcriptional regulation. It is associated to G-rich motifs, and likely regulates a wide range of targets. It is also involved with cellular morphology as well as translation efficiency. Learn more about the DHX36 marker's best uses and applications. This article was written and edited by an expert in the field. You can download a PDF copy of this article to start learning today!

DHX36 regulates geneexpression in a posttranscriptional fashion

DHX36, a member of the DExD/H box helicase family, is involved in unfolding the G-quadruplex DNA and RNA, affecting their structures. Recent reviews have extensively described the structure of DHX36 and its function in cells. This has highlighted its importance in cancer prevention and telomere management. It is also implicated in viral infection. The current understanding of DHX36 is largely based upon studies done on mice.

DHX9 displays enrichment in a TEdownRPFdistup molecular (rG4), approximately 40 nt upstream from the 5'-UTR. Interestingly, DHX9 exhibits a TEdownRPFdistup peak. This is a sign of direct binding to the rG4 protein substrate. DHX36, therefore, is a key regulator of gene expression in both plants and animals.

DHX36, DHX9 and DHX9 both regulate gene expression in a trans-transcriptal manner. Significant changes in RPFdist distribution are caused by DHX9/DHX36. Changes to the RPFdist were correlated with changes to the TE. The change at RPFdist was associated with the TE. This suggests DHX36 is an important regulator of gene expression after transcription.

While DHX36 can be required for mRNA transcription in some cell types, DHX9 will be required for the translation uORF-containing rG4 uORFs. Moreover, siRNA targeting DHX36/DHX9 decreased reporter gene expression. Moreover, siRNA targeting DHX36 or DHX9 decreased reporter gene expression.

DHX36, a DEAH-box helicase, is available. It binds DNA G-quadruplexes with picomolar affinity. RNA immunoprecipitation experiments showed that it has a high affinity for rG4. DHX36, in addition to binding rG4, also inhibits translation of downstream CDS.

We performed a dual Luciferase Assay using a psiCHECK-2 Vector. To determine relative expression levels of Renilla and firefly luciferase genes, we introduced non-G4 mutant DNA in the 3’UTRs of the reporter gene Renilla. These experiments were carried out in a DHX36 dependent cell line.

It is compatible with G-rich binding motifs

The eCLIP technique identifies motifs associated with guanosine rich sequences and that binds to the arginine atoms of theRNA. These motifs may represent RNA binding by other proteins. These motifs could also be used to bias co-purification or near crosslinking sites. Here, we show the molecular mechanism of eCLIP and discuss its implications for RNA biology.

In addition, it has been shown that short tandem intergenic regions preferentially harbor G-rich motifs, which are frequently located near the downstream promoter. These motifs are associated to slightly increased binding of MAZ or SP1 to downstream genes' promoters. These motifs may play a role regulating chromatin structures. This research shows that G rich motifs are important for the regulation of RNA metabolism. They may also help to promote the expression of other proteins.

STIRs have high levels of DNA motifs. These motifs are lead motifs. These motifs can be found in STIR and promoter regions, but they do not necessarily indicate that STIRs have a high G-rich status. STIRs are enriched by STIRs in a ratio comparable to 3' and promoter sequences. It is important to note that the sequences of the two STIRs are related, as the GGGGCGGG motif is similar to the GGGGGCGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG pattern.

It reduces the efficiency of translation

The DHX36 Marker is a polypeptide that has two functions in the cell. It recognizes and unfolds parallel DNA sequences and RNA G4 sequences. It also plays a regulatory role in the cytoplasm after transcription. It contributes to the efficiency in translation. It interacts with DHX36 protein.

DHX36 regulates many aspects mRNA metabolic efficiency, including translation efficiency. Specifically, DHX36 binds to a large number of mRNAs. It also triggers EIF2AK2-mediated stressed response. Its loss causes target DNAs to accumulate rG4s, and other structures, which triggers the stress response and renders them incompetent.

Moreover DHX36 regulates expression of genes in HEK293 cells only in a transcriptional manner. The cellular phenotype of DHX36-related cellular loss cannot be reversed by DHX36 knockout, but expression wild-type DHX36-CLIP construct reversed alterations in target mRNA abundance.

The DHX36 marker is shown to interact with polyadenylated mRNA. In fact, the FH-DHX36-E335A interacts with approximately 70% of mRNAs. It does not prefer the coding sequence but maps to the 5’ UTR, and 3’ UTR. The binding site can be found within the first 100 nt after the start codon. Moreover, the DHX36-E335A cluster was further enriched with extra A/U rich 5mers.

Numerous recent studies have shown that the DHX36Marker may influence the efficiency of translation in HEK293 cell lines. These findings have implications for understanding the mechanisms of translation in disease, drug discovery, and aging. To understand how these factors impact the efficiency of translation, further research is needed. The association between DHX36, HA-N and DHX36 can have an impact on transcription and translation.

It can affect cellular morphology

The DHX36 gene is a member of the DEAH-box helicase family. It regulates translation initiation and lengthening. This study found that knockout mice lack this gene. This led to increased target number and decreased ribosome occupancy as well as lower protein output. However, these effects could be remedied by transgenic expression of FH-DHX36 or mutant FH-DHX36.

DHX36 preferentially associates w/ G4 sequencing, which overlap with sites forming rG4 structs. The mutant DHX36–E335A displayed increased cross-linking in AU-rich sequences. This indicated that they could be used as additional recruiting platforms. Furthermore, the mutation of the DHX36 gene, E335A, led to the identification of vast majority of AU-rich binding sites on mRNAs containing additional G4 sequences.

These findings suggest that stress granule formation is affected by DHX36 deficiency. These cells also show increased cPDS, which increases cytoplasmic BG4 levels. This defect in rG4 levels is rescued by Rrm3 in DHX36KO cells. To determine if there are other factors that partially compensate for the loss in DHX36, more data are required.

The FH-DHX36-E335A oligonucleotide mimics the DHX36 RRE and was produced in a folding buffer of pH 7.5, 100 mM KCl, 1 mM EDTA. CD measurements were taken using a Jasco J-810-spectropolarimeter. The measurements were taken at 10 nm/s-1 and averaged across ten different accumulations.

Transfection of wild-type HEK293 T-Rex Flp-In cells and DHX36 KO cells in 96-well cell culture plates was performed as described in the published method. HEK293 T.Rex Flp In cells were used for RNA preparation. The cells were then grown up to 80% confluence in standard growth media and with cycloheximide. The cloned cells were then cultured in pFRT-FlagHA-DHX36-iso1 and pFlagHA-DHX36-islo2 respectively.