VAPB Antibodies

Vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B/C (VAPB)

Participates in the endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (UPR) by inducing ERN1/IRE1 activity. Involved in cellular calcium homeostasis regulation.

.

Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	VAPB
Uniprot:	O95292
Entrez:	9217

Family

Belongs to:
VAMP-associated protein (VAP) (TC 9.B.17) family

Alternative Names

ALS8; ALS8VAMP-B/VAMP-C; VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein)-associated protein B and C; VAMP-associated 33 kDa protein; VAMP-associated protein B/C; VAMP-B; VAMP-C; VAPB; VAP-B; VAP-B/VAP-C; VAPC; VAP-C; vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B/C

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
27.228 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	20q13.32
Sequence:	20; NC_000020.11 (58389211..58451101)

Tissue Specificity

Ubiquitous. Isoform 1 predominates.

Subcellular Localizations

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane; Single-pass type IV membrane protein. Present in mitochondria-associated membranes that are endoplasmic reticulum membrane regions closely apposed to the outer mitochondrial membrane.

Diseases

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
• Sclerosis
• Primary Lateral Sclerosis
• Motor Neuron Disease
• Actinomycetales Infections
• Nerve Degeneration
• Neurodegenerative Disorders
• Spinal Muscular Atrophy
• Atrophy
• Feline Urological Syndrome
• Muscular Atrophy
• Pneumonia
• Hepatitis

• Horse Diseases
• Hepatitis C
• Dementia
• Swine Diseases
• Malignant Neoplasms
• Neoplasms
• Protrusion

Interacting Proteins

• EMD
• Epha4
• RMDN2
• VAPA
• YIF1A

• ZFYVE27

Pathways

• Virulence
• Pathogenesis
• Transport
• Localization
• Translation
• Cell Death
• Lipid Transport
• Cell Growth
• Tropism
• Lactation
• Rna Processing
• Cell Adhesion
• Osteoclast Differentiation

• Cellular Homeostasis
• Proteolysis
• Mitochondrial Transport
• Reverse Transcription
• Phagocytosis
• Membrane Docking
• Intracellular Transport

PTMs

• Cleavage
• Phosphorylation

• Reduction
• Ubiquitination

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/VAPB

Boster Bio: Best Uses Of The VAPB Marker

This article will outline the benefits of the VAPB Marker. This biomarker can be used for a variety of purposes. It can be used to determine species and special samples. Researchers who utilize this marker will be eligible to receive credits for their research. Boster Bio: Best Uses of The VAPB Marker

PrimeSTAR(r), GXL DNA polymerase kit was used to conduct LR PCR

For the LR PCR, two types of primers were employed. PrimeSTAR GXL DNA primer amplified the mpb83 gene on every attempt. Platinum SuperFi produced highest yields in 2St and 3-St PCRs. Both primers behaved similarly when amplifying the Mb0129 ORF using 2St 3C PCR, and 3D.

This study found that the primers used included different GC content which could create challenges in the cloning of genes. The primers used for LR PCR contained different levels of GC. These primers were engineered to amplify genes with high GC content (between 60 and 76%). The primers were separated according to their GC content and then used in the second PCR.

In a 20-mL volume, one unit of PrimeSTAR GXL DNA polymerase was added to one ng of genomic DNA, 2.5 mM dNTP, and 3.2-5.1 milliliters (10 pmol/mL) of primer mixture. The PCR reaction conditions were 94degC (for 2 minutes), 95degC (10 sec), and 70degC (4 minutes). The GeneAmp 9700 PCR system used to carry out the PCR reactions. It was manufactured by Applied Biosystems.

All experiments were carried out in a final reaction volume of 50 ml. The enzymes used in this study did not have the same superiority of other enzymes. The primers were chosen for their high GC levels and ability to amplify the amplicon of mpb83 as well as other GC sequences. If the primers are not capable of amplifying a sequence having a higher GC content it will not be amplified by it.

Singleplex 31 amplicons demonstrated that MEFV and TNFRSF1A, IL1RN and NLRP3 were amplified. Singleplex 31 amplicons displayed similar patterns. Multiplex tubes had NLRP12 and LPIN2, both of which were indicated by an L label. These primers can be used in the same analysis of expanded and singleplex panels.

This primer set amplified all BRCA1/2 gene amplicons. The primers were created by Integrated DNA technologies in Coralville, IA. They vary in size from 5.8 kb to 13.6 kb. The majority of these primers were created by Ozcelik and colleagues8 . three pairs were designed by Primer39.

The authors conducted multiplex PCR to identify HLA-A, the HLA-B and HLA-C recombinant DNA sequences. These methods were optimized using primer compositions and annealing temperatures and were utilized to identify new genes within the Listeria genome. Multiplex PCR has been proven to be an effective tool in medical and biological research.

The two primer sets were developed to target distinct regions of the HLA locus. HLA-A primers, for instance target the promoter enhancer region of the gene. HLA-B-specific primers target intron 1. Intron 1 primers were used for the HLA-DPB1 genes. Similar to that, LR PCR is an effective technique for genotyping HLA-A and B genes.

Recording the test results using autoradiography film

The process of recording test results using autoradiography film is different from one method to another. The exposure time will vary depending on the developing effect. It could take anywhere from a few minutes to several minutes. The film can be developed using a WB Developing Fixing Kit. The exposure is complete. The results can then be read by a digital imager or a luminometer. To record the test results the X-ray film has to be placed on top of the membrane. The film can be developed for up to 10 minutes. The result can then be read by using an imager or luminometer. Multiple exposures might be required to achieve the best signal-to-noise ratio.

Autoradiography films can be used to detect chemiluminescent labeled samples. These films have superior signal-to- noise ratios which increase the effectiveness of detection. They can be employed with both low and high energy isotopes. They can also be used in conjunction with intensifying screens. Double-emulsion films can be utilized together with a chemiluminescence detection device.

The film that is used to record medical images is either digital or photographic. The film's active component is an emulsion made of crystals sensitive to radiation that have been coated on a transparent material. It requires two steps to produce an image: exposure to radiation causes the Emulsion material. The latent image is when the film remains dark before exposure. The emulsion material then transformed into a visible image as an end-of-the-line step.

Benefits of using the VAPB Marker

Recent research has demonstrated that the overexpression of the VAPB gene was linked to a slight therapeutic benefit in mice suffering from advanced Parkinson's disease. This was due to delayed onset of muscle denervation and symptomatic falls. Although the treatment had only a few advantages, it could have been beneficial in maintaining the patient's life quality by providing them with a temporary improvement. This is why this marker has great potential for future research.

Although SOD1 mice could not be prevented from becoming disabled in motor function and even death in the course of time, VAPB overexpression slowed the beginning of the disease. In addition, it slowed down the progression of neurological dysfunction and extended the survival of the mice. This is the reason why researchers are currently using VAPB as a tool in Alzheimer's disease research. Additionally, it offers a variety of advantages. This marker can aid researchers to understand the causes of this disease.

As an extremely pluriotropic ER transmembrane protein VAPB localizes to various cell sites. It is involved in promoting UPR as well as blocking the activation of the IRE/XBP1 pathways. Incredibly, flies that lack the VAP33A homolog of VAPB have significant problems with ER protein quality control. In addition, experimental elevation of VAPB can enhance the UPR to SOD1 aggregate. The expression of VAPB in cultured cortical cells from rats may alter the handling of calcium.

This study suggests that familial ALS may be caused by an alteration in the VAPB gene. The study was limited to the gene in 301 ALS cases and found no mutations in the gene in 23 familial ALS cases and 278 cases of sporadic ALS cases. A phenotypic study on humans with ALS triggered by a mutation in this gene caused ALS. Patients who carry this mutation haven't been treated.

Studies have also revealed that transgenic mice carrying Dvap33a mutations can be saved by targeted expression of human VAPB. Transgenic expression of mutant Dvap33a mimics the characteristics of human neuronal diseases such as degeneration and locomotion problems. of spinal motor neurons. This suggests that human VAPB plays a role in synaptic homeostasis. However, it's not known if it can be effective in treating Parkinson's disease.