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- Table of Contents
Facts about Proteasome subunit alpha type-4.
Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required.
Human | |
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Gene Name: | PSMA4 |
Uniprot: | P25789 |
Entrez: | 5685 |
Belongs to: |
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peptidase T1A family |
HC9EC 3.4.25.1; HsT17706; Macropain subunit C9; MGC12467; MGC24813; Multicatalytic endopeptidase complex subunit C9; proteasome (prosome, macropain) subunit, alpha type, 4; Proteasome component C9; proteasome subunit alpha type-4; proteasome subunit HC9; Proteasome subunit L; PSC9MGC111191
Mass (kDA):
29.484 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 15q25.1 |
Sequence: | 15; NC_000015.10 (78540405..78552417) |
Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Colocalizes with TRIM5 in the cytoplasmic bodies.
When you are looking for the best PSMA4 markers for cancer research, there are a few things to consider. First, you should know that the PSMA4 marker only works with human tumor cells. This is because it can detect the presence this protein in tumor cell cells. PSMA4 in humans is also known as "psoriasis factors". This protein has many uses in cancer research.
Boster Bio's HIF1A Antibody for PSMA4 was used to test whether Salidroside affected the gene activity in a recent study. The cells were placed in 6- or 8-well plates and then treated with either rhodiosin (or tyrosol) respectively. After this, RNA extracted using TRIzol reagent was used to reverse-transcribe into cDNA. The cDNA then was amplified using the ChamQ Universal-SYBR-qPCR mastermix. The cells were then placed in a boiling hot water bath for ten minute to confirm that the cDNA was correct.
Biomedical researchers use antibodies for HIF1A to detect the protein in a variety samples. Boster Bio develops its HIF1A antibodies using mouse and rabbit tissues. Its PSMA4 antibodies have been tested in WB, IHC applications. Researchers can purchase the reagents in multiple formats that allow them to analyze samples from multiple platforms.
Researchers can accurately diagnose pulmonary hypertension using antibodies that are sensitive to this protein. The mRNA for HIF1A can be found in many types of cells, including endothelial and vascular cells. The protein is necessary for proper lung function. It is induced by hypoxia. HIF can decrease blood vessel resistance to hypoxia if it is elevated in excess.
The HIF1A gene has a strong connection to oxygen storage and DNA methylation status. Hypoxia-induced epigenetic reprogramming could prevent this from happening. PSMA4 is hypomethylated by no other protein. And, it's not only HIF1A that regulates PSMA4 expression, but it also controls genes like JMJD1A, PLU-1, and GADD23B.
The PSMA4 marker has many applications. Neuroprotective drugs are one of the most promising uses for the PSMA4 marker. It has recently been discovered that a substance called salidroside can significantly increase amplitudes of population spikes in hippocampus slices. The compound activated the HIF1A marker in brain tissue to increase the stress response. In addition to this, salidroside is known to block the growth of bladder cancer cells.
Rosavin and its active ingredient salidroside are known to stimulate intra-hippocampal electricity circuit stimulation. The compounds were more effective at lower levels than at higher ones. Lower concentrations of the compounds had the highest content of active markers. However, these results may be diminished by other compounds in the extracts or antagonistic interactions.
The PSMA4 marker can be used in many ways. Patients suffering from liver damage such as cirrhosis or other diseases can use the disease associated gene to help them. It is also helpful in determining the prognosis of patients suffering from colorectal cancer. Research has shown that cancer cells with high levels of PSMA4 are more susceptible to becoming cancerous. PSMA7 also has a negative correlation with colorectal carcinoma prognosis.
The PSMA4 marker can serve many purposes, including tumor diagnosis. The primary antibody that is used in the IHC device is designed to detect overexpressed proteins caused by fusions, and it should be tested on a wide range of normal tissues to identify any unanticipated background reactivity. The package insert should include a summary of the most commonly tested tissues with this marker.
Two main mechanisms can be used to detect the PSMA4 marker in IHC: chromogenic and fluorescent. Chromogenic detection uses antibodies that have been conjugated with enzymes (e.g. horseradish or alkaline peroxidase) which creates insoluble colored precipitates around the antigen location. Fast Red is a common chromogenic precipitating substrate. However, fluorescent markers are rarely used.
The primary antibody to PSMA4 has a high specificity and is useful for quantifying and detecting the PSMA4 protein in tissue samples. They can also be used to control background reactions, as antibodies bind proteins that are not antigen proteins. There are blocking buffers that can reduce background staining. They also prevent confusion from fluorescent IHC. To confirm that PSMA4 is specific for the target protein, it's a good idea to use a negative tissue control whenever possible.
After acquiring the samples, it is necessary to fix the samples as quickly as possible to prevent autolysis and necrosis. Once the samples have been dried, it is necessary to dehydrate them overnight before adding paraffin. The tissue then undergoes a process to remove blood-derived substances. The final tissue section is usually fixed overnight or frozen at sixty degrees Celsius. However, these steps can be skipped depending on the target antigens.
PMID: 2025653 by Tamura T., et al. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of cDNAs for five major subunits of human proteasomes (multi-catalytic proteinase complexes).
PMID: 7811265 by Kristensen P., et al. Human proteasome subunits from 2-dimensional gels identified by partial sequencing.