FSTL1 Antibodies

Follistatin-related protein 1 (FSTL1)

May modulate the action of some growth factors on cell proliferation and differentiation. Binds heparin (By similarity).

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Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	FSTL1
Uniprot:	Q12841
Entrez:	11167

Family

Belongs to:
No superfamily

Alternative Names

Flik; FLJ50214; Follistatin-like 1; Follistatin-like protein 1; follistatin-related protein 1; Follistatin-related Protein; FRP; FRPFLJ52277; FSL1; FSTL1; TSC-36

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
34.986 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	3q13.33
Sequence:	3; NC_000003.12 (120392293..120450993, complement)

Subcellular Localizations

Secreted.

Diseases

• Arthritis
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Inflammation
• Malignant Neoplasms
• Neoplasms
• Infarction
• Myocardial Infarction
• Heart Failure
• Collagen Arthritis
• Hypertrophy
• Edema
• Pathologic Neovascularization
• Hyperplasia

• Neoplasm Metastasis
• Carcinoma
• Acute Coronary Syndrome
• Tumor Angiogenesis
• Myocardial Ischemia
• Inflammatory Response
• Cardiovascular Diseases

Interacting Proteins

• APPBP2
• BMP2
• CD14
• DIP2A
• TGFB1

Pathways

• Cell Proliferation
• Pathogenesis
• Secretion
• Cell Migration
• Cell Growth
• Immune Response
• Lung Development
• Hypersensitivity
• Inflammatory Response
• Reverse Transcription
• Somitogenesis
• Angiogenesis
• Osteoclast Differentiation

• Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy
• Muscle Cell Proliferation
• Cell Activation
• Programmed Cell Death
• Osteoblast Differentiation
• Aging
• Brain Development

PTMs

• Phosphorylation
• Demethylation
• Cleavage

• Acetylation
• Citrullination
• Deamidation

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/FSTL1

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Positive correlation between the FSTL1 immune cell and tumor-infiltrating cells

The surface markers of monocytes and TAMs as in M1 and M2 macrophages were observed to be in correlation with FSTL1 expression in GC. These findings suggest that FSTL1 plays an important role in the tumor immune response, and could be related to the development of cancer. Further research is required to understand the role of FSTL1 for the immune response to cancer.

FSTL1 expression was observed to be elevated in GC tissues compared to adjacent non-tumorous tissues, indicating that a less favorable prognosis. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the high levels of FSTL1 were associated with lymph node metastasis, as well as the TNM stage. FSTL1 expression in GC patients was also variable. FSTL1 could be utilized as a biomarker to predict the outcome in GC patients.

These results were in line with previous research. Patients suffering from MYC–Gains had a shorter overall survival. However the FSTL1 expression was correlated to the infiltrating of tumors by naive blood cells. Patients with high levels of naive B cell infiltrating had better overall survival which may be related to FSTL1 expression.

The presence of TAM, T-helper 17 and Th27 cells was linked with FSTL1 expression. Furthermore, the expression of TAM, Tfh, and M2 macrophages were also linked with FSTL1 expression. These results suggest that Treg cells played a crucial role in the development and maintenance of FSTL1 the GC. These T cells, which have an important role in patient survival, are essential for the progression of cancer.

The size and area of the cancer lymph node metastasis as well as TNM stage have a strong correlation with FSTL1 expression. These are key prognostic factors. Age and gender, tumor size and size, nerve invasion, and gender are all important variables. It is important to note that although this gene was discovered recently, its association with tumor infiltrating immune cells has yet to be established.

FSTL1 expression was also linked to tumor-infiltrating immune cell. This is in line with previous research. The expression of tumor infiltrating immune cell was found to be positively related to the size of the tumor and its immunoreactivity. Further research is needed to confirm that FSTL1 is involved with the progression of tumors and invasion.

The expression of FSTL1 is associated with the size of the tumor.

FSTL1 overexpression has been associated with metastasis of cancer. The expression of FSTL1 is strongly related to the size of spleen and liver tumors. Additionally, FSTL1 overexpression correlates with the size of the metastatic nodules in the liver. These results suggest that FSTL1 overexpression can have significant implications for the treatment of cancer. More research is needed to determine the role of FSTL1 in the tumor microenvironment.

The tumor microenvironment (TME), is a crucial component in the immune system of cancerous cells. It contains essential components like immune cells, nutrients, and chemicals. The growth of tumors as well as resistance to chemotherapy are largely dependent on the interplay between tumor cells and the TME. The immune cells that invade tumors play crucial roles in the development of tumors as well as metastasis. Here, we demonstrate that FSTL1 negatively regulates CTL induction within vivo.

We performed IHC on paraffin-fixed formalin-fixed tissues. Primary antibodies against FSTL1 and TGF-b1 were utilized. A colorimetric assay was used to determine if FSTL1 was positive. After blocking the section with 3% H2O2, it was determined if FSTL1 was expressed. A scale of four points was used to determine the degree of staining in FSTL1. The intensity of staining was classified as light yellow to medium brown. The intensity of staining was multiplied with the percentage positivity score.

Despite being upregulated in stroma, FSTL1 expression is associated with poor survival in GC tissues. Numerous studies have indicated that FSTL1 could play a role in GC tumor metabolism. It is unclear what FSTL1 works when brown fat is activated. These results are the first to establish the role of FSTL1 when it comes to tumor growth and metastasis.

FSTL1 has been shown to be an important indicator in cancer immunology. For example, FSTL1 expression is associated with the size of tumors. Expression of FSTL1 is associated with lymph node metastasis, tumor depth and lymph node metastasis. So, patients suffering from cancer that has lymph node metastasis as well as high FSTL1 expression have a less favorable prognosis.

Lymph node metastasis is usually connected with the expression of FSTL1.

There are two possible roles of FSTL1 in cancer. One of these is to limit the growth of tumors. In breast cancer, FSTL1 expression is associated with a low prognosis and the other is to enhance immune escape from non-small-cell lung cancer. The functions of these genes are not fully understood but FSTL1 expression in cancer cells may be a contributing factor to their growth.

FSTL1 gene expression has been linked with tumor size and lymph node metastasis. It also correlated with tumor-node-metastasis stage (TNM stage), age, and gender. FSTL1 expression was also linked with the immune system of tumors and vascular invasion. This suggests that it could be a potential candidate to predict lymph node metastasis in cancerous cells.

The study also showed that knockdown of Fstl1 increased the connection between BMP4 and BMPR2 and promoted phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 pathways, and boosted the expression of p21 in glioma cell lines. The effects of FSTL1 were reversed when BMP4 was expressed in cells of glioma. This suggests that Fstl1 may play a role in glioma metastasis.

In addition, FSTL1 overexpression increases multiple drug resistance in breast cancer cells. Additionally, it decreases the survival time of nude mice and increases the rate of metastasis from tumor cells. However, FSTL1 overexpression in CRC cells could also contribute to the development of chemoresistance. Cancer cells shouldn't be allowed to express FSTL1 over frequently.

The authors evaluated the knockdown efficacy of Fstl1 shRNA-5/6/7 and discovered that shFstl1-7 was more efficient in suppressing tumor cells than the other three treatments. They also found that shFstl1-shRNA blocks tumor cell growth by increasing the percentage of G1/G0 cells in U87 and U251 cells. In addition, the expression of FSTL1 was reduced in lymph node cells when shFstl-1-7 employed.

The TGFb1–Smad2/3 signalling pathway is believed to regulate FSTL1 transcription. The TGFb1 protein blocks the activation of FSTL1 transcription in human CRC cells. Furthermore, FSTL1 inhibits the cell proliferative capacity of MDA MB-23 cells. It also regulates stemness or chemoresistance.

FSTL1 expression is associated with the presence of chemoresistance

FSTL1 is part of the Follistatin (FST) family of secreted glycoproteins. It is well-known that it is linked with various cancer types. Its expression has been linked to poor prognosis of patients in cases of gastric cancer. This gene is present in numerous gastric cancer types as well as the normal gastric epithelial cell line GES1. The expression level of FSTL3 was measured using Western blotting of cell lysates. It was significantly lower in the control GES1 cell line, and more in cells of MGC-803 and SGC-791. This was confirmed by qRT-PCR.

FSTL1 expression is commonly found in GC where the high level of expression is associated with a poor prognosis. Bioinformatics analysis has revealed that FSTL1 was most involved in the development of tumor immunity and its progression. It could therefore serve as a biomarker of immune cell infiltration within GC, and help in the development of immunotherapies. In this respect, FSTL1 may prove to be a useful biomarker in GC.

Although FSTL1 is not directly associated with aggression, its function is clear in regulating breast cancer cell proliferation. FSTL1 expression could play a role in chemoresistance, and may also inhibit the oncogenesis of breast cancer cells. It is not clear what role it plays in different kinds of cancer. It may also regulate fibroblast morphology as well as growth which is a crucial element in the process of cancer progression.

The level of FSTL1 expression was associated with the size of the tumor as well as lymph node metastasis. FSTL1 expression was also related to lymph node metastasis as well as TNM stage. Furthermore, FSTL1 expression was independently connected to lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and TNM stage. Thus, FSTL1 could be an additional biomarker to predict the future of GC.

Immunohistochemical analysis of FSTL1 expression in CRC cell lines was conducted using paraffin-fixed tissues. To detect them primary antibodies for TGF-b1 as well as FSTL1 were employed. With a 4-point scale the intensity of staining of FSTL1 could be measured from 0 (negative) up to 3 (positive). Cells were then infused with secondary antibodies against FSTL1.