B-lymphocyte antigen CD19 Antibodies

B-lymphocyte antigen CD19 (CD19)

Assembles with the antigen receptor of B-lymphocytes in order to reduce the threshold for antigen receptor-dependent stimulation. .

Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	CD19
Uniprot:	P15391
Entrez:	930

Family

Belongs to:
No superfamily

Alternative Names

B4; B-lymphocyte antigen CD19; B-lymphocyte surface antigen B4; CD19 antigen; CD19 molecule; CD19; CVID3; Differentiation antigen CD19; Leu-12; MGC12802; T-cell surface antigen Leu-12

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
61.128 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	16p11.2
Sequence:	16; NC_000016.10 (28931735..28939347)

Subcellular Localizations

Cell membrane; Single-pass type I membrane protein. Membrane raft; Single-pass type I membrane protein.

Diseases

• Leukemia
• Lymphoma
• Neoplasms
• Malignant Neoplasms
• Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
• Lymphoid Leukemia
• B-cell Lymphomas
• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
• Malignant Paraganglionic Neoplasm
• Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
• Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute
• Myeloid Leukemia
• Autoimmune Reaction

• Multiple Myeloma
• Lymphoma, Non-hodgkin
• Burkitt Lymphoma
• Infective Disorder
• Autoimmune Diseases
• Inflammation
• Tissue Adhesions

Interacting Proteins

• IGHM

Pathways

• Pathogenesis
• Immune Response
• Cell Activation
• Secretion
• Cell Proliferation
• Cell Differentiation
• Cell Development
• B Cell Activation
• Cell Cycle
• Cell Death
• Cytokine Production
• B Cell Differentiation
• Localization

• Cell Growth
• T Cell Activation
• Phagocytosis
• B Cell Proliferation
• Lymphocyte Activation
• Cell Adhesion
• Lymphocyte Proliferation

PTMs

• Phosphorylation
• Cleavage
• Dephosphorylation
• Methylation
• Glycosylation
• Biotinylation
• Deglycosylation
• Acetylation

• Demethylation
• Reduction
• Ribosylation
• Phosphorothioation
• Citrullination
• Ubiquitination
• Iodination
• Palmitoylation

Research Areas

• Adaptive Immunity
• Cytokine Research
• Immunology
• Mesenchymal Stem Cell Markers
• Signal Transduction

• Stem Cell Lines
• Stem Cell Markers

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/CD19

Benefits And Best Uses Of The CD19 Marker For B Cells

The CD19 marker is a crucial regulatory factor for B cell development, proliferation, and subsequent antibody production. Most B cell tumors express CD19. CD19 is an accurate biomarker for the surface of the body that can be used to identify B cell disorders and assist in bone marrow development. In this article, we'll discuss the benefits and applications of the CD19 marker for B cells. Learn more about it!

CD19 plays an essential regulatory role in B cell differentiation, proliferation and subsequent production of antibodies

CD19 is a key regulator of B cell proliferation, differentiation and subsequent antibody production. It is part of a multimolecular system which includes the complement receptor CD21 and the cell membrane teraspanin protein CD81. When activated, CD19 connects to the Src family of tyrosine-kinases. It activates multiple signaling pathways. CD19 expression is found on the surface of most B-cells. Plasma cells are the exception.

Autoantibodies secreted from B cells may be the cause of a variety of immune-mediated diseases, including SLE, Sjogren’s syndrome, and IgG4 related diseases. To suppress the production antibodies B cell-targeting therapy employs CAR-T-cells that express CD19. This therapy is effective in treating autoimmune diseases that are severe.

The human CD19 genome is available through the UCSC Genome Browser. It includes information from the United States National Library of Medicine. To look up the genome click here. The text is in the public domain. When you've found a copy of the human CD19 genome you can download the sequence and begin mapping! It will be very useful for your research and development.

CD19 plays a vital role in a variety of hematologic malignancies in addition to its physiological role in B-cell signaling. Monoclonal antibodies that target CD19 for lymphoma and leukemia have demonstrated effective outcomes. Novel immunotherapy approaches targeting CD19 are also being developed, with bispecific antibodies, ADCs, and Fc-engineered T cells. This new class of anti-CD19 drugs could be an essential component of Hematology drug therapies.

Most B cell tumors contain CD19.

CD19 is among the most useful biomarkers for B-cell-specific antigens. A majority of B cancerous cells express CD19 which makes it an effective diagnostic tool. While many B cell cancers exhibit varying expression, CD19 is expressed on the majority of these cells. Because this protein is commonly expressed on B cells, immunotoxins that are anti-CD19 target cancers of B-cells and employ its distinctive surface features to target the malignant cells.

Combination immunotherapies that target the CD19 marker have many benefits in cancer treatment. Combinations of mAbs that target the CD19 marker have been proven to be effective in reducing tumors and prolonging survival rates in B cell tumor models. Combination therapy with these drugs without anti CD19 is less effective. This approach may be beneficial for several human cancers.

The B cell compartment contains a large number of CD19+IgM+IgD+ cells. This group is referred to as a "memory B cell." It has been established that memory B cells can mutate BCRs. They are involved in immune responses through T-independent mechanisms. They also participate in the elimination of tumors. Studies of patients suffering from B-cell tumors have shown that CD19 expression is strongly connected to survival.

The BCRs of memory B cells differ from those of LLPCs. Memory B cells are superior at recognizing variant antigens than wild type proteins. They offer more protection than LLPCs. Plasma cell fate is determined by the choice of the most affinity GC GC B cells, which ensures the high-quality antibodies that are secreted. If these B cells were to become mutated and the patient could not receive the protection effect of memory B cells.

CD19 is a reliable biomarker on the surface of B cells.

CD19 is a reliable biomarker of the surface for B-cells. The antigen is three times more abundant in mature cells than in cells that are still immature. The majority of B cells express this molecule while only a small number express it in the plasma cell. CD19 is crucial for cell growth. It recruits and increases the Src family of protein kinases. It also regulates activation of downstream proteins kinases.

The proliferative capability of CD19-deficient B cells is diminished in response to LPS and cross-linking of antibodies on the surface IgM. However B cells lacking CD19 mice can proliferate and becoming plasma cells. However, CD19 deficient mice have an incredibly lower rate of expanding clonal cells, a condition that can be detrimental to treatment of certain kinds of cancer.

Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania discovered that mice lacking CD19 had significantly less peripheral blood cells in an earlier study. This decrease is due to changes in B-cell differentiation. IgG1 and IgG2a levels are significantly lower in mice that have low CD19 expression. A decrease in CD19 expression in B cells results in less expansion and a weaker immune response.

Researchers are intrigued by the importance of CD19 for lymphoma treatment and immunotherapy. Many studies have investigated the effects of low dose interleukin-2 on patients suffering from B-cell lymphoma. A study by Rankin E and co., also found that the CD19 monoclonal antibody decreased tumor cells.

CD19 is present in bone marrow development.

CD19 is an antigen that is expressed from pro-B cells development onward in bone marrow. CD21 On the other side, is only released when B cells in transition migrate to the spleen. CD19's main function is to positively regulate the antigen receptor signal transduction process within mature B cells. Mice lacking CD19 have decreased proliferation and positive selection processes, which suggests that the antigen is involved in the development of B cells.

CD19 is a coreceptor for signal amplifying found in B cells and dendritic cells of the follicular follicle. It is comprised of two extracellular domains and one cell's cytoplasmic. There are also nine evolutionary conserved tyrosine phosphorylation motif motifs. It forms a complex of multimolecular molecules with CD21, tetramericCD81. This complex recognizes C3d-coated Ag molecules, and reduces the antigen signal that is required to ensure optimal activation of B cells.

Humans with CD19 deficiency share a phenotype similar to that of mice with this gene mutation. They are more prone to infections, decreased BCR response, and decreased memory B cell counts. People suffering from CD19 deficiency are famous for having decreased CD20 and CD27+ memory cells. Patients with CD19 deficiencies also have decreased B cell responses to antigens when stimulated intravenously.

The pre-BCRi II cluster contains genes for the proteins SCF and dynein. Together these genes are crucial in regulating bone marrow development. This study supports the idea that CD19 is a key component in the development of bone marrow. Although it is difficult to explain the role of this gene in humans in detail the study demonstrates that this gene plays a crucial role in B-cell development.

CD19 is a type I one-pass transmembrane protein

The CD19 marker, a transmembrane glycoprotein, is unique and is part of the immunoglobulin group. It is encoded by the cd19 gene (a 7.41 kilobite genetic that covers the short arm chromosome 16). This marker has multiple tyrosine elements and two extracellular C2-type Ig like domains. The non-Ig domain divides the two domains. The cytoplasmic domain contains 24 amino acids, and three crucial tyrosine residues which are associated with signaling molecules.

Despite its widespread use in cancer research, CD19 does not appear to directly contribute to B-cell carcinogenesis. CD19 is found in the majority of B-cell malignancies, including B-cell lymphomas as well as acute lymphoblastic lesions. Many B-cell malignancies express CD19 at high levels but only a handful showing decreased expression.

The CD19-deficient mouse displays decreased numbers of splenic marginal zone B cells and significant deficiencies in peripheral B-cell subsets. CD19 could play a significant role in the selection of memory cells and pre-B-cell development, regardless of its role in the regulation of immune systems. Because the CD19 mice are completely lacking in CD19 and exhibit weak responses to antigens that are T-cell dependent.

It is not known what the role CD19 plays in the maintenance and growth of immune cells. It has been shown that CD19 plays a key role in MHC class II transcription. This means that the CD19 antigen could be an important treatment for various autoimmune diseases. It is nonetheless important to be aware that CD19 is found in both normal and neoplastic cells.

Tyrosine kinases are able to target CD19

Cytoplasmic proteins containing a kinase domain are commonly referred to as NRTKs. They also possess protein-protein interacting and signaling domains. The kinase domain has around 300 residues. It also includes the five-stranded b-sheet and an the helix. Its tyrosine-containing sequence is in contact with residues on the C terminal lobe.

Multiple case studies and mice lacking CD19 have shown the immunological function of CD19. Patients suffering from CD19 deficiencies exhibit hyporesponsiveness to transmembrane signals and a weak humoral response dependent on T-cells. Frame-shift mutations result in lower levels of three cytoplasmic Tyrosine residues found in patients. Despite this patients with these mutations retain normal precursor B cells as well as normal levels of CD81 and CD225.

C3d, an activated complement fragment that binds CD19/CD21 molecules. It translocates into membrane "lipid raft" domains and interacts with co-localized kinases. This alters BCR signaling. Furthermore, the higher the levels of CD19 in the cell the more it interacts with TLR9 signaling. Tyrosine kinases also target CD19 which is a vital B cell receptor.

CD19 is a characteristic of B-cells. It is also seen in some myeloid malignancies like Follicular Lymphoma. CD19-positive myeloblasticleukemia can be distinguished by the absence or low levels of myeloid-specific antibodies. Myeloblasticleukemia expressing CD19 is also associated with a lesser amount of these molecules.