C-C motif chemokine 16 Antibodies

C-C motif chemokine 16 (CCL16)

Shows chemotactic activity for lymphocytes and monocytes but not neutrophils. Also shows powerful myelosuppressive activity, suppresses proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells.

Recombinant SCYA16 reveals chemotactic activity for monocytes and THP-1 monocytes, but not for resting lymphocytes and neutrophils. Induces a calcium flux in THP-1 cells that were desensitized by prior expression to RANTES.

Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	CCL16
Uniprot:	O15467
Entrez:	6360

Family

Belongs to:
intercrine beta (chemokine CC) family

Alternative Names

C-C motif chemokine 16; CCL16; chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 16; Chemokine CC-4; Chemokine LEC; CKb12; HCC4; HCC-4; HCC-4Liver-expressed chemokine; LCC-1Lymphocyte and monocyte chemoattractant; LEC; liver CC chemokine-1; LMC; LMCSmall-inducible cytokine A16; monotactin-1; Mtn-1; NCC-4; NCC4IL-10-inducible chemokine; NCC-4ILINCK; new CC chemokine 4; SCYA16MGC117051; SCYL4; small inducible cytokine subfamily A (Cys-Cys), member 16

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
13.6 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	17q12
Sequence:	17; NC_000017.11 (35976493..35983620, complement)

Tissue Specificity

Mainly expressed in liver, also found in spleen and thymus. Highly expressed in LPS- and IFN-gamma- activated monocytes, weakly in some lymphocytes, including natural killer cells, gamma-delta T-cells, and some T-cell clones.

Subcellular Localizations

Secreted.

Diseases

• Cholangiocarcinoma
• Neoplasms
• Inflammation
• Pertussis
• Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental
• Neoplasm Metastasis
• Neoplasms, Experimental
• Tumor Angiogenesis
• Sarcoidosis
• Adenocarcinoma
• Liver Carcinoma
• Physiological Stress
• Endometrial Polyp

• Osteosarcoma
• Traditional Serrated Adenoma
• Eosinophilic Pneumonia
• Arthritis, Reactive
• Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
• Metastatic Malignant Neoplasm To The Lung
• Leishmaniasis, Visceral

Interacting Proteins

• CCL5

Pathways

• Chemotaxis
• Immune Response
• Cell Migration
• Adaptive Immune Response
• Leukocyte Migration
• Angiogenesis
• Secretion
• Cell Adhesion
• Chemokine Production
• Proteolysis
• Localization

• Dendritic Cell Migration
• Cytokine Production
• Chemokine Secretion
• Cell Differentiation
• Regulation Of Cell Migration
• Pathogenesis

PTMs

• Cleavage

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/CCL16

Boster Bio Review - Background and Best Uses of the CCL16 Marker

Boster stocks high-affinity primary antibody against the CCL16 marker. These antibodies have been well cited in the scientific literature for over 25 years and have been extensively validated for use in Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. They are highly recommended as reagents for many applications in research. In this Boster Bio review, we will discuss the background of this antibody and its use in research.

Steven Boster

Steven Boster was brought up in Mora Minnesota. He graduated in 1990 from University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine. After practicing in Sauk Center, Wisconsin, and Cold Spring, Minnesota, Dr. Boster joined Buffalo Equine in 2001. He became a partner in 2004. He was a horseman who spent his free time on horses.

Background

The CCL16 marker's history is still not completely understood. CCL16, which is located on chromosome 17,q, has been implicated both in the immune system as well as in angiogenesis. Scientists are unsure about the function of the CCL16 protein in blood plasma and CSF, but the study is likely to shed light on this question. Let's learn more about the CCL16 marker.

To determine the level CCL16 messengerRNA, the RNA from liver biopsy had to be obtained and subjected at real-time to polymerase chain reaction. RNA from liver tissue was extracted using an electronic polytron. The RNA was then homogenized using guanidine HCl/sodium phosphate solution following manufacturer's recommendations. Total RNA was then quantified using spectrophotometry using the Epoch 2.0 microplate reader.

We identified 10 SNPs that were significantly associated with CCL16 levels in plasma or CSF. Among these SNPs, two of them are located in the 3' untranslated region of the gene. They were also all associated with CCL16 expression in plasma and CSF. Only one of them was associated with a disease in NHGRI's GWAS catalog.

CCL16 is a plasma marker for liver cirrhosis. It may also be used to inactivate hepatic tellate cells, which can impact the progression of liver disease. Liver cirrhosis is possible from chronic liver damage, including alcohol abuse, hepatitis C viruses infection, and nonalcoholic, steatohepatitis. Liver cirrhosis can be caused by abnormal inflammation and extracellular matrix. This inflammation leads to portal hypertension, hepatic insufficiency, and increased risk for hepatocellular cancer.

Primary antibodies of high affinity

High-affinity primaries antibodies can detect biomolecules of high specificity and affinity. They are available in monoclonal and multiclonal forms. They are used for biomolecular detection and measurement. More than 1000 highly specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies are available from GenScript. These antibodies are applicable to all major areas in life sciences research and have been validated for multiple uses.

The CCL16 marker has been identified as a biomarker for several immunological processes, including cytokine secretion and angiogenesis. CCL15 activates CCR3 and ERK pathways that signal the influx or immune cells into the cancer. These factors increase CCL16 activity and are involved in cancer cell migration, metastasis and metastasis.

This molecule is crucial for controlling B cell proliferation and activation. Without it, B cells fail to generate protective high-affinity IgM. Insufficient amounts of these antibodies cause sustained autoimmune disorders. These antibodies can attack both DNA as well as nuclear structures. Mice without IgD cannot produce enough CCL16 antibodies and they develop high levels antidsDNA IgG antibodies in young life.

This marker was also previously identified to be a candidate in the synthesis IgM primary antibodies. IgM,-class BCRs were shown to induce calcium flux when they are exposed to monovalent EL in studies that used hen-egg Lysozyme (a model antigen). Complex HEL prevented activation by IgD/class BCRs. This phenomenon is caused in part by the flexible hinge region on B-lymphocytes.

Another marker used in high-affinity antibodies is the CCL16 protein. This marker is an immunoglobulin G protein. CCL16 is more tightly bound than other primary antibody proteins. CCL16-based high affinity antibodies are a great tool to identify the anti-G protein with the highest effectiveness. These antibodies have their limitations. However, this marker can help to optimize the process.

Efficacy

Although the CCL16 marking is not effective in detecting cirrhosis in liver, there may be another mechanism. This could involve activation of hepatic-stellate cells. Chronic liver damage due to alcohol abuse, hepatitis B and C virus infection, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis causes the onset of cirrhosis. Abnormal inflammation and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation is important factors in the development of liver cirrhosis. These factors contribute to liver cirrhosis. They also increase the risk for portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Pricing

CCL16, a soluble protein that is detected in blood tests, is one of early cancer markers. It plays a key role in maintaining the identity cancer stem cells. This protein is also found in breast cancer. It also plays a part in nuclear translocation of B-catenin. It is responsible for maintaining breast cancer CSC-like identity.