Apelin receptor Antibodies

Apelin receptor (APLNR)

Receptor for apelin receptor early endogenous ligand (APELA) and apelin (APLN) hormones coupled to G proteins that inhibit adenylate cyclase activity (PubMed:11090199, PubMed:25639753, PubMed:28137936). Plays a vital role in early development such as gastrulation, blood vessels formation and heart morphogenesis by acting as a receptor for APELA hormone (By similarity).

May promote angioblast migration toward the embryonic midline, i.e.

Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	APLNR
Uniprot:	P35414
Entrez:	187

Family

Belongs to:
G-protein coupled receptor 1 family

Alternative Names

AGTRL1; AGTRL1HG11; angiotensin II receptor-like 1; Angiotensin receptor-like 1; apelin receptor; APJ (apelin) receptor; APJ receptor; APJ; APJFLJ96609; APJR; APLNR; FLJ90771; G protein-coupled receptor APJ; G-protein coupled receptor APJ; G-protein coupled receptor HG11; HG11 orphan receptor; HG11; MGC45246

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
42.66 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	11q12.1
Sequence:	11; NC_000011.10 (57233577..57237453, complement)

Tissue Specificity

Expressed in heart, brain, kidney, stomach, spleen, thymus, lung, ovary, small intestine and colon, adipose tissues and pancreas (PubMed:8294032, PubMed:25639753). Expressed in glial cells, astrocytes and neuronal subpopulations (PubMed:8294032). Expressed in embryonic (ESCs) and induced (iPSCs) pluripotent stem cells (PubMed:25639753).

Subcellular Localizations

Cell membrane. After exposure to apelin (APLN), internalized from the cell surface into an endosomal recycling compartment, from where it is recycled to the cell membrane (By similarity). After exposure to apelin receptor early endogenous ligand (APELA), internalized from the cell surface into an endosomal recycling compartment, from where it is recycled to the cell membrane (PubMed:25639753).

Diseases

• Tumor Angiogenesis
• Hiv Infections
• Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
• Pathologic Neovascularization
• Hypertensive Disease
• Nervousness
• Heart Failure
• Hypoxia
• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Atherosclerosis
• Obesity
• Diabetes Mellitus

• Myocardial Ischemia
• Pituitary Diseases
• Hypertrophy
• Anoxia
• Pertussis
• Neoplasms
• Pathologic Vasoconstriction

Interacting Proteins

• AGTR1
• OPRK1

Pathways

• Angiogenesis
• Localization
• Secretion
• Cell Proliferation
• Vasoconstriction
• Pathogenesis
• Regulation Of Blood Pressure
• Receptor Internalization
• Cellular Localization
• Heart Development
• Cell Migration
• Tropism
• Glucose Homeostasis

• Translation
• Vasculogenesis
• Autocrine Signaling
• Swimming
• Membrane Fusion
• Endothelial Cell Migration
• Drinking Behavior

PTMs

• Phosphorylation
• Nitration
• Reduction

• Cleavage
• Glycosylation
• Oxidation

Research Areas

• GPCR

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/APLNR

Best Uses Of The APLNR Marker

The APLNR genome encodes a protein which binds to a variety o proteins in the human body. It is responsible to a variety of disorders and diseases. APLNR is a protein that is highly expressed in the brain and other parts. Scientists can identify this protein through ELISA, Western Blotting, and Immunohistochemistry.

Primary antibodies

Boster Bio APLNR marks for primary antibody assays detect the presence in ELISAs of an antigen-specific molecule. ELISAs are a widely used method to detect antibodies in cells, tissues, and cells. PicoKine is a proprietary ELISA platform that powers this assay. This kit was developed using several proprietary trade secrets from Boster Bio. The resulting ELISA is sensitive and specific.

This antibody is available as a variety of conjugates that allow researchers to determine the antigen affinity. Dual labeling capabilities allow for higher-quality and context-specific answers. This antibody is compatible and recommended for use in ELISAs. Secondary antibodies can be used to detect a wide range of pathogens and proteins.

There are no antibodies that can accurately determine the level of APLNR in adult tissues. However recent experiments using AplnrCreER mouse models have shown that APLNR expression tends to be restricted to endothelial and vascular cells. This may indicate that apelin is a metabolic compound that is restricted to the endothelial zone. This is an important observation, since apelin has been found to exert physiologic effects in several other organs. To clarify the cellular function of Aplnr in adult cells however, it will need to be deleted conditionally.

Secondary antibodies conjugated to alkalinephosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase, a metalloenzyme, is found in higher eukaryotic cell. It hydrolyzes phosphate from proteins and nucleotides. It is most active in an environment with an alkaline pH. It is essential in many biological processes such as immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry.

Secondary antibodies conjugated to alkaline phosphorus have several applications. The conjugate is stable at 4C, but should be diluted prior to use. Using the conjugate directly from the bottle is not recommended as it will lose enzymatic activity significantly. Use diluted monoclonal antibody instead. Secondary antibodies conjugated in alkalinephosphatase to secondary antibodies are suitable for multiple immunotechniques. Jackson ImmunoResearch offers many secondary antibodies for different applications, including flowcytometry (immunocytochemistry), western blot (ELISA) and western blot.

Secondary antibodies conjugated to alkaline phosphorus are also useful for immunohistochemistry. The enzyme dephosphorylates proteins within an alkaline environment. It's often found in the intestine. Chemical inhibitors and heat affect the activity of different organs differently. 20% acetic acids inhibit AP in the intestinal area, while potassium borohydride (levamisole) suppresses endogenous tissue AP. Calf intestinalalkalinephosphatase may be used in place of human alkalinephosphatase. However, the large size of the conjugate may hamper its use in immunohistochemistry.

The rabbit alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody is a polyclonal anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L). The rabbit is immunoinjected repeatedly with the rabbit whole IgG. The rabbit anti-rabbit IgG conjugate is suitable for immunoblotting, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry.

High-affinity primary antibodies

APLNR has high affinity for human vein tissue and is highly conserved. It can be found in glomeruli, veins, glomeruli, and peritubular arteries. It is essential for glomerular specification and morphogenesis. High-affinity primary antibody targeting this protein has excellent specificity for these tissues. They can also be used to detect glomerular disorders.

For a variety of purposes, monoclonal antibody-based transferrin is being developed, including for the treatment of central nerve system diseases. However, the BBB prevents their accumulation in brain. Researchers created bispecific mouse antibody combinations that were high-affinity against BACE1 but low-affinity against transferrin receptors. This bispecific anti BACE1 antibody is significantly more effective and has demonstrated higher-affinity transcytosis throughout the BBB than monospecific.

APLNR was originally isolated by single domain antibodies from sharks. The variable domain of these new antigen receptors contains a long complementarity-determining region, which gives the antibodies access to cryptic epitopes that are not accessible to conventional monoclonal antibodies. These antibodies' variable domain is small, making it possible to easily couple them with biopharmaceuticals.

The VNAR-G12 control antibody was designed to bind TfR1 under certain conditions, but did not exhibit a selective staining of cellular or vascular elements. VNAR is not a candidate for clinical use. However, VNAR G12 antibodies of high affinity are more compatible with clinical samples. A PXB2-hFc antibody should be used for diagnostic purposes in multiple diseases.

After processing embryonic tissues using TXB2-hFc, cellular suspensions were blocked using Fc-quenching antibodies and stained with an anti-mouse CD31-Alexa Fluor (r) 488 antibody. The samples were then incubated with 100 mg/ml of primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. There was no background staining of any other cell types.

The APLNR marker can be used in antibody design to create high-affinity primary antibodies that target TfR1 or other proteins in the brain. This approach will allow researchers to develop monoclonal antibodies that target TfR1 for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Because of its unique structure, the bivalent Fc fusion protein can be adapted to carry various biotherapeutics.

History of Steven Boster

The first product developed by Steven Boster was an antibody, which he dubbed "he who converts science in the lavatory." His products became very popular quickly and he soon became the largest catalog antibody company China. PicoKine(tm), his unique ELISA platform was also created by him. This patented technology helps deliver high-sensitivity ELISA kits. Researchers will also find it very convenient as it allows for quick turnaround and reduces costs.

Steve Boster was born in Joliet IL. His parents were Evelyn and James Meier. He worked for many years in the retail industry. He was a soldier in the U.S. Army. He is survived by his 2 Daughters, Natosha Peck and Crystal Boster, 6 Grandchildren, and 4 Brothers: Jack Boster, Sandra Blanton, and Lisa Milton. Besides his wife, Steve had numerous nieces and nephews.