Best Uses of the CD68 Marker

High expression of CD68 TAM in patients with neuroblastoma was associated with poorer overall response after autologous transplant. Conversely, high expression of iNOS and CD68-expressing TAMs was not associated with poor overall response. These findings suggest that TAMs may play an important role in the progression of the disease and its progression-free survival.

In addition, CD163 TAMs correlated with poor overall and progression-free survival. This study also demonstrated that the two markers can be used together to predict survival. When analyzed separately, they are weak prognostic indicators that could be incorporated into a single prognostic tool such as the international staging system. Moreover, combined analysis of the two markers is more sensitive and powerful than a single marker.

Although TAMs produce Th1 and Th2 cytokines, the function of these cells is not yet clear. In addition, they may also activate tumor-promoting programs, particularly in the absence of the IFN-g receptor. As a result, the combined signaling from the receptors is required for TAM functional differentiation. However, synthetic ligands are available that polarize the NKT response towards Th1 or Th2.

Among all these factors, the M1/M2 ratio of TAMs is the most significant independent prognostic factor for MM. Based on the M1/M2 ratio, this nomogram can help physicians stratify patients for therapies, customize follow-up and counsel patients. The data in this study suggest that tumor-associated CD68 TAMs may be associated with longer progression-free survival after autologous transplant.

The role of TAMs in the immune response is not completely understood, but they are crucial for the tumor's progression. TAMs secrete various soluble mediators, such as IL-6 and VEGF. In addition, TAMs also attract immunosuppressive cells to the tumor site. This leads to a pro-inflammatory environment, which may facilitate cancer metastasis.

In addition to the role of TAMs in tumor-associated inflammation, TAMs can also recruit and activate POSTN, a potential therapeutic target. TnC is another protein that binds to many different ECM proteins, probably playing a structural role. Its expression has been associated with poor outcomes in iCCA. OPN is a glycosylated phosphoprotein normally involved in bone remodeling, immune regulation, and vascularization.