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- Table of Contents
Facts about Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4.
The biotransformation of the pesticide chlordecone (kepone) to its corresponding alcohol leads to increased biliary excretion of the pesticide and concomitant loss of its neurotoxicity because bile is the main excretory route. .
Human | |
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Gene Name: | AKR1C4 |
Uniprot: | P17516 |
Entrez: | 1109 |
Belongs to: |
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aldo/keto reductase family |
3-alpha-HSD; AKR1C4; Aldo-keto Reductase 1C4; aldo-keto reductase family 1, member C4; AldoketoReductase 1C4; C11; CDR; CHDR; DD4; DD-4; HAKRA
Mass (kDA):
37.067 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 10p15.1 |
Sequence: | 10; NC_000010.11 (5196837..5218949) |
Liver specific.
Cytoplasm.
As a gene engineering researcher, you are aware of the potential of transgenic crops. But how do they use this gene? This article will look at the advantages of the AKR1C4 marker, including its applications in transgenic plants. We will also discuss the inhibitory effects of AKR1C3 upon RA biosynthesis. Continue reading for more information.
In tumors of human patients, the AKR1C4 gene expression is in an unbalanced amount. The AKR pathway might be involved in metabolic activation of PAH from human lung tissues. The AKR1C4 gene has important implications for drug development. This protein is being studied as a potential therapeutic target. Here are the Best Uses Of The AKR1C4 Marker
Childhood ALL has a 5-year survival rate of about 80% due to recent advances in chemotherapeutic protocols. Patients with high-risk T -ALL still face significant risk, with a survival rate of only 40% after seven years. However, studies have shown that T-lineage Leukemia may be affected by the drug response to AKR1C.
The AKR1C4/AKR1B1 and AKR1B1 proteins were also refined to 1.25 A resolution. The structure revealed an (a/b)barrel topology. A final electron density map allowed accurate determination of residues. This structure is reflected in the Swiss-Prot entry O60218. The cofactor, and the inhibitor, were both nonhydrogen atoms.
Aldoketo reductases, monomeric enzymes, catalyze carbonyl-containing substrate reduction. They are associated with a variety of functions and are widely expressed in cancer tissues. They are implicated in drug resistance, detoxification, and biosynthesis. The enzyme is also involved the metabolism alcohols and ketones. This enzyme can be found in E.coli cells, and it has been found to high expression in lung cancer cell line lines.
Two siRNAs can silence the AKR1C enzym. Silencing the gene can also be achieved by siRNAs. This is a great technique for cancer research because it can help to identify a targeted gene. This protein has been shown to be highly effective in detecting the AKR1C gene. Its cleavage by DNA is also an option.
Multiple functions are performed by the AKR1C4 gene in cancer cells. This gene is an important regulator for AKR enzyme activities. It can determine the level AKR activity by measuring gene expression. AKR1C4 not only helps identify the target gene but can also predict how chemotherapy will respond. The AKR gene is a critical molecule in the immune systems, and the markers that target this gene can help to identify it.
Although selectable marker genes have many benefits, most research and applications require a small number. The process of producing transgenic plants is labor-intensive and expensive and, therefore, limited to a few species. This makes it difficult to use selectable marker genes. Because they are not widely tested, most selectable markers have limitations and are not widely used for plant research.
Other selection systems use the phosphomannose isomerase gene as a biomarker to identify transgenic events. It works by identifying cells with foreign DNA. Other selection methods, such AsTPS1, rely upon the growth of plants cells in the presence a sugar. AKR1C4 can successfully identify transgenic events in many plants. The gene can be used to identify the traits desired in a transgenic crop.
To advance research in GM crops, it is important to use selectable markers genes. While traditional methods of introducing foreign genes are not efficient, they are necessary to identify transgenic plants. These markers are commonly associated with dominant genes, such as resistance to herbicides and antibiotics. These traits may not be required for field-grown plants that are fully mature.
Southern blotting allows for the identification of GM crops using DNA. Southern described southern-blotting in 1975. It involves hybridization between a DNA probe and the genetic DNA of the transgenic crops to identify the presence the marker gene. This process does not require special training or equipment. It is also simple to do and less expensive than traditional methods.
This marker can be used for plant research to detect the ETIP genes. However, this approach has some disadvantages. The AKR1C4 gen in clover is too large to be detected using PCR. The transgene was initially estimated to be nine-kb. It is now 18.6kbp.
Genetic engineering is a method by which scientists transfer genes from one organism to another. It was introduced in the U.S. during the mid-1990s. Most GM crops are designed for insect and herbicide tolerance. Currently, corn, soybeans, and canola are the largest crops in the U.S. but future applications include nutritional enhancements, disease resistance, and biofuel efficiency.
Besides preventing GM contamination of crops, GM technology also requires monitoring their presence in the market. GMOs can be detected using reliable methods. Labeling and trade regulations vary in different countries. This method involves identifying transgenes in different levels, including DNA and protein. These two methods are essential.
The mechanism of AKR1C3 inhibition on RA biosynthesis is not entirely understood. This enzyme family is believed to be responsible detoxification of reactive alcohols, such as 4-HNE. This mechanism may be linked to the upregulation of AKR1 enzymes in cancers. However, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanism of its action.
Cell culture was performed using LNCaPAKR1C3 cells and LNCaPmock cells. The cells were kept in F-12 with G418. Cells were characterized with AKR1C3 mRNA, and protein expression. The results of this study were confirmed by establishing LNCaP-AKR1C3 stable transfectants.
Nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 regulates AKRs in eukaryotic tissues. HNE and reactive oxygen species activate AKR1C1 and AKR1C3 mRNA. This enzyme inhibits several aherogenic processes, including the oxidation and oxidative stresses. In addition, AKR1C3 inhibits phospholipid and triglyceride biosynthesis in the liver.
The PC3–AKR1C3 cells were resuspended into 0.25 ml Liquid Matrigel, and plated onto duplicate 24-well tissue growth plates. The cells were then treated using LY294002, a phosphoinositide-3kinase inhibitor. The resulting suspension contained 8 x 104 HMEC-1 cells.
The gene expression levels in the PC3-AKR1C3 transfectants were compared with those of PC3-mock-AKR1C3 cells using bioinformatics. To reduce false positives, gene expression levels were normalized at three SDs above background to minimize the risk of false negatives. This threshold was exceeded by approximately 12,000 gene expression in all PC3/AKR1C3 Transfectants. BRB ArrayTools class analysis revealed that 70 genes were up-regulated and 153 were down-regulated with almost equal overlap.
Human AKR1C3 enzymes have 86% sequence identity. However they have a distinct substrate and inhibitor selectivity and tissue expression pattern. AKR1C3 is the most interesting enzyme. Its inhibitory action on RA Biosynthesis is unknown. It is a unique pathogen that regulates steroid hormone synthesis.
PMID: 8274401 by Qin K.-N., et al. Molecular cloning of multiple cDNAs encoding human enzymes structurally related to 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.
PMID: 7650035 by Khanna M., et al. Substrate specificity, gene structure, and tissue-specific distribution of multiple human 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.