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- Table of Contents
Facts about Tropomyosin alpha-4 chain.
Smooth muscle contraction is regulated by interaction with caldesmon. In non-muscle cells is implicated in stabilizing cytoskeleton actin filaments (By similarity).
Human | |
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Gene Name: | TPM4 |
Uniprot: | P67936 |
Entrez: | 7171 |
Belongs to: |
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tropomyosin family |
TM30p1; tropomyosin 4; tropomyosin alpha-4 chain; tropomyosin-4
Mass (kDA):
28.522 kDA
Human | |
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Location: | 19p13.12-p13.11 |
Sequence: | 19; NC_000019.10 (16067507..16103005) |
Detected in cardiac tissue and platelets, the form found in cardiac tissue is a higher molecular weight than the form found in platelets. Expressed at higher levels in the platelets of hypertensive patients with cardiac hypertrophy than in the platelets of hypertensive patients without cardiac hypertrophy (at protein level).
Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton. Associates with F-actin stress fibers.
The TPM4 indicator is an antibody that recognizes TRPM4 within many samples. These antibodies can be monoclonal or multiclonal and react to TRPM4 in many animal specimens. Boster Bio has used mouse and rabbit as animals to develop its TRPM4 antibodies. TRPM4 is a calcium-activated non-selective cation channel that is impermeable to Ca(2+).
High-affinity primary antibody against TPM4 has high specificity and is excellent for in-depth characterisation. Over the past 25 years, Boster antibodies have been widely used and trusted by the research community. They are validated for use in Western Blotting, Immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. Boster's high-affinity antibody is highly specific and comes in a variety of sizes.
High-affinity primary antibody are the most common type of antibody used in-depth analysis. They are able to recognize the TPM4 marker within a variety of tissues and cell types. The primogenital antibody is made by immunizing the host with a polyclonal anti-mouse antibody from another species. The characteristics of an immunizing antibody determine the specificity and specificity.
TPM4 has been implicated in calcium-induced tumor metastases and cell death. It contains a Ctype lectinlike domain, five extracellular globe domains, a transmembrane segments, and a terminal tail. This protein is also known by the name thrombomdulin. It plays a key role in blood-coagulation. TPM4 also contains ClqRp which is the complement receptor. Human and murine versions of TPM4 have 77.5% amino acid identity and 100% similarity in the transmembrane region.
TPM4 markers are a high-expressing protein in human Hepatoma cells. It is associated several clinicopathological parameters such as the presence hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These findings suggest that TPM4 could be used as a biological marker to diagnose HCC. This research was supported by several grants including the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82060531), Gansu Province’s Internationally Technological Cooperation Project (18YF1WA117), and Longyuan Youth Creative and Innovative talents Project of Gansu Province. Lanzhou City's Science and Technology Development Guidance Project supported the research (2019ZD68).
Researchers have demonstrated that NORAD inhibits cell proliferation and causes an increase in apoptosis using a knock-out mouse model. These effects can be reversed by co-transfection with pcDNA3.1/TPM4, which promotes migration in OSCC cell lines. This study has shown that TPM4 may be a downstream target to miR-577. Its knockdown inhibits the activity of miR-577, and overexpression of TPM4 counteracts its inhibition.
TPM4 protein expression is high in many types of cancers, including colon cancer. It has also been detected in colon cancer cell lines. It has also been linked to poor survival rates after treatment. TPM4 has been found to have a therapeutic value in the treatment of cancer. Therefore, it may have a place in the diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer.
In human cancer, TPM4 has been associated with high levels of expression in pT-negative and pT-positive tumors. TPM4 expression is not affected by clinical stage or grade. However, it is related to age and sex. TPM4 protein expression is high in both cancer cell line and hepatocellular. The TPM4 genes is an integral part and function of the immune system.
TPM4 has been found to be associated with tumor cell invasion according to studies. It was also positively correlated to bladder cancer NK cell infiltration and macrophage infiltration. TPM4 also has a positive correlation with Th2 or Th2 cell invasion. It also has positive associations with tumor cell growth, metastasis, and other conditions. TPM4 expression is also linked to tumor cell proliferation, inflammation, and metastasis. TPM4 is also less abundant in normal hepatic tissues.
TPM4 can be considered a diagnostic grade tier-1 gene. Mutations to this gene result in decreased platelet secretion, spread, and other symptoms. TPM4 is strongly associated with cytoskeletal abnormalities. Its expression in the liver can be associated with the presence other cancer-related gene. It is not recommended to be used in the diagnosis of any disease, but it can be used for research in many other fields.
PMID: 3612796 by McLeod A.R., et al. Characterization of a cDNA defining a gene family encoding TM30p1, a human fibroblast tropomyosin.
PMID: 1836432 by Crabos M., et al. The calcium binding protein tropomyosin in human platelets and cardiac tissue: elevation in hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy.