Transcobalamin-2 Antibodies

Transcobalamin-2 (TCN2)

Principal vitamin B12-binding and transport protein. Delivers cobalamin to cells.

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Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	TCN2
Uniprot:	P20062
Entrez:	6948

Family

Belongs to:
eukaryotic cobalamin transport proteins family

Alternative Names

D22S676; D22S750; macrocytic anemia; TC; TC-2; TC2II; TCII; TCN2; Transcobalamin II; transcobalamin II; macrocytic anemia; transcobalamin IITC II; transcobalamin-2; Vitamin B12-binding Protein 2

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
47.535 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	22q12.2
Sequence:	22; NC_000022.11 (30607083..30627271)

Subcellular Localizations

Secreted.

Diseases

• 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Deficiency
• Congenital Abnormality
• Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
• Mastitis-metritis-agalactia Syndrome
• Hyperhomocysteinemia
• Cerebrovascular Accident
• Intestinal Diseases
• Malignant Neoplasms
• Anemia
• Cardiovascular Diseases
• Congenital Omphalocele
• Cleft Lip
• Anemia, Megaloblastic

• Cholangiocarcinoma
• Pancytopenia
• Congenital Exomphalos
• Dysequilibrium Syndrome
• Hereditary Diseases
• Cleft Palate
• Diabetes Mellitus

Pathways

• Transport
• Methylation
• Dna Methylation
• Positive Regulation Of Interleukin-6 Production
• Positive Regulation Of Innate Immune Response
• Transposition
• Cellular Glucose Homeostasis
• Response To Peptidoglycan
• Brain Development
• Aging
• Immune Response
• Tube Formation
• Tumor Necrosis Factor Production

• Cobalamin Transport
• Virulence
• Glucose Homeostasis
• Positive Regulation Of Tumor Necrosis Factor Production
• Interleukin-6 Production
• Innate Immune Response
• Vitamin Transport

PTMs

• Methylation

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/TCN2

Best Uses of the TCN2 Marker

This article presents an overview of Steven Boster's bio, historie, and methods, as well as the results of a structured survey of labtutor sessions. This article presents the work of Steven Boster. He is a world-renowned researcher and professor of cell biology and biochemistry. He argues the TCN2 marker (chromosomal DNA mutation) is a versatile biomarker that can be used to analyze cancer cells.

Historie

The TCN2 gene has three polymorphic variants: TCN277Met and TCN277Lys. These are highly conserved between species. The TCN2 77Met allele has higher reabsorption rates than TCN2 77Lys. This allele might be associated with a reduced risk of CHDs. This variant has two functional implications. It could affect a woman's susceptibility for B12 deficiency.

Functional genetic variants of TCN2 have different distributions across ethnic groups and geographic areas. The 677T polymorphism decreases enzyme activity and is associated both with multiple disease endpoints as well as birth defects. The distribution of TCN2230T may be affected by historical folate availability and other environmental factors. In the north of China, this allele may be a contributing factor to CHD risk.

TCN2 serves two purposes. It is found in placenta. It participates in maternal -embryonic VB12 delivery. Further research is needed to discover the precise mechanisms of maternal embryonic VB12 delivery. It may be associated to a lower risk for stroke if this gene plays an important role during the development of neurological conditions. Contact Sino Biological Inc. in Beijing for more information.

TCN2 has been linked to blood type P on chromosome 23. At theta = 0.14, the maximum lod score was 7.91 for males and 0.20 for females. TCN2 was also mapped to the chromosome 22q12–q13 by somatic cells hybridization in heterozygous subjects. Li et.al. then mapped the clone to chromosome 22q12q13.

The TCN2 gene, however, is maternally loaded and carries a small amount of circulating VB12. TCN2-bound VB12 can be absorbed only by cells through endocytic receptors. It is also called holoTC. Its holoTC levels were used as a proxy to determine VB12 status during a study of human hepatocytes.

Methods

Using the TCN2 marker in association studies can be useful for determining whether certain treatments can affect the risk of developing a recurrent stroke. The 77Lys and 77Met amino acids in TCN2 are different, which means that the protein ratios between them are different. Stratified analysis by treatment can help to identify differences, and improve the efficiency for regression models. This gene has been implicated in many conditions, including Down syndrome.

The 776 C–G Polymorphism in TCN2 was the most studied and it contradicts previous studies. Homozygotes with the C-G allele are more likely to have higher levels total VB12 or holo-TC. They also have lower Hcy levels. Further research is needed to determine if the C-G polymorphism influences the level of VB12 and the risk of CHD.

The TCN2 WT Protein was normalized to individual T-actin in immunoprecipitation, Western blotting and immunoprecipitation experiments. Image-Pro Plus software 6.0 calculated the ratios. The TCN2-WT/77Met ratios were significantly lower for the wild-type group than they were for the LRP2 knockdown. The binding of TCN2 with VB12 was not affected in any way by the LRP2 Knockdown.

Patients with renal failure have a lower vitamin B12 level due to the TCN2 776C–G genotype. The same applies to vitamin B12 levels and holoTC II concentrations. These results support the holoTC II marker as a reliable marker for cobalamin deficiency. Despite its positive effect upon vitamin B12 levels, the marker does not indicate the concentration of holoTC II, which is the biomarker for cobalamin.

Results of a structured survey on labtutor sessions

The results of a structured survey of labtutor sessions reveal a positive relationship between the learning environment and student performance. Students rated peer tutoring highly. They found tutors friendly, approachable, and had a great enthusiasm for teaching. Peer tutors are also known for being authentic, approachable, and caring about students' learning and well-being. The sessions had a positive impact on student engagement and academic performance.

Despite the fact that student tutors report a limited influence on student learners, some felt their impact could be positive. For example, positive experiences during the class could inspire the students to participate in clinical activities or tutor others. Student tutors reported that their interactions with students helped them understand the nature and nuances of patient-physician communications and increased their self-awareness.

In the current study, we conducted structured interviews of student tutors using a semi-structured interview (SSI) guideline. The SSI guideline for qualitative research is the most popular and widely used. It is especially common in the field of health-care. The question stems are designed to assess objective knowledge. All participants will be asked the same questions. This method makes the data comparable.

Research also showed that peer tutors' attendance varied from 67% per section to 10%. On average, SI sessions helped students improve their exam grades by ten to fifteen percent. High success rates reflect this increased student attendance. There are also significant positive effects of peer tutoring in enhancing self-efficacy and student confidence.

The labtutor trainee training sessions require medical students to create an interactive learning environment. An experienced medical student should serve as the instructor. During training sessions, student tutors are given comprehensive manuals and checklists which outline standard procedures. They are also given pocketbooks that provide information about faculty-wide standards in clinical physical examinations and procedures.