PHOX2B Antibodies

Paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2B (PHOX2B)

Involved in the development of several major noradrenergic neuron populations, including the locus coeruleus. Transcription factor which could determine a neurotransmitter phenotype in vertebrates.

Improves second-messenger-mediated activation of the dopamine beta-hydrolase and c-fos promoters, and of several enhancers including cAMP-response component and serum- response element. .

Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	PHOX2B
Uniprot:	Q99453
Entrez:	8929

Family

Belongs to:
paired homeobox family

Alternative Names

NBPhox; NBPhoxPhox2b; Neuroblastoma Phox; paired mesoderm homeobox 2b; paired mesoderm homeobox protein 2B; paired-like homeobox 2bNBLST2; PHOX2B homeodomain protein; PHOX2B; PMX2B; PMX2Bneuroblastoma paired-type homeobox protein

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
31.621 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	4p13
Sequence:	4; NC_000004.12 (41744082..41748725, complement)

Tissue Specificity

Expressed in neuroblastoma, brain and adrenal gland.

Subcellular Localizations

Nucleus.

Diseases

• Hypoventilation
• Congenital Central Hypoventilation
• Nervousness
• Crest Syndrome
• Sleep Apnea, Central
• Neuroblastoma
• Hirschsprung Disease
• Neoplasms
• Hypercapnia
• Hypoxia
• Disease Of Adrenal Medulla
• Autonomic Nervous System Disorders

• Apnea
• Sleep-related Respiratory Failure
• Embryonic Mosaic
• Malignant Neoplasms
• Neoplasm, Residual
• Mutation, Out-of-frame

Pathways

• Neurogenesis
• Pathogenesis
• Reflex
• System Development
• Neuron Development
• Neuron Differentiation
• Nervous System Development
• Innervation
• Cell Differentiation
• Cell Development
• Autophagy
• Cell Proliferation
• Autonomic Nervous System Development

• Response To Hypoxia
• Methylation
• Cell Migration
• Cell Cycle
• Localization
• Secretion
• Cell Adhesion

PTMs

• Methylation
• Phosphorylation

• Biotinylation
• Cleavage

• Ubiquitination

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/PHOX2B

Best Uses Of The PHOX2B Marker

Many biological assays detect Prox2 using antibodies. These antibodies can be either monoclonal or polyclonal, and they react with Prox2 from a variety of animal species. Boster Bio has used Prox2 antibodies developed using both rabbit and mouse in its biological tests. Below are the best uses of this biological mark.

Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma (a common pediatric extracranial tumour) is characterized as the overexpression or amplification of the PHOX2B genes. It ranges from poorly differentiated neuroblasts to primarily fully differentiated neurons. Because neuroblastomas are so similar to normal nerve cells, detecting the PHOX2B gene in tumor tissue can help distinguish these lesions from other small blue-round cell tumors.

The gene PHOX2B regulates various neuronal processes, including differentiation and cell growth. It is involved with peripheral autonomic nerve system (PANS), function, which makes it an attractive target for neuroblastoma treatment. It has been linked to several disorders within the autonomic system. This means that detecting the PHOX2B gene in tumors will help identify the source of the problem.

The discovery of the PHOX2B marker was based on the gene expression profile of neuroblastoma tumors from stage 4 patients. To select candidate genes, the gene expression level of tumors was used. This method was found superior to the widely-used neuroblastoma marker T. Researchers identified 34 candidate genes that could be used as markers. However, sensitivity experiments did not correlate with gene expression array ranking.

The PHOX2B gene has been associated with familial and syndromic neuroblastoma. This gene contains a homeobox domain and nine and 20-residue polyalanine tracts. The mutations in PHOX2B are heterozygous. They alter the homeodomain.

In each cell are the ALK gene, and the PHOX2B Gene. These genes are not always present in all individuals. In some cases, a mutation in ALK/PHOX2B can cause an abnormal proliferation or tumorigenesis of neural cells. PHOX2B mutations and ALK mutations could be related, however they don't cause neuroblastoma every time.

Many uses can be made of the PHOX2B marker. It can be used by doctors to distinguish between similar tumors and different types. It may also be used in screening for potential new drugs that could be more effective. The PHOX2B marker is found in tumor tissue of Th-MYCN mice. It has been demonstrated that tumors can easily be distinguished by their SEs.

The PHOX2B gene encodes the neuroblastoma Phox Protein. PHOX2B plays a key role in neuron formation and the development of neurotransmitters. It has been linked with several other conditions, such as congenital central hyperventilation syndrome and hereditary neural tumors. However, few studies have documented the germline PHOX2B mutation associated with childhood medulloblastoma.

The three drugs studied in this study were effective against PHOX2B mRNA levels and PHOX2B protein level. The reduction of mRNA levels in PHOX2B gene expression was associated with an apoptotic effect. The study confirms that MMF is the most promising drug for PHOX2B mRNA. The study is ongoing. Additional studies will be required to confirm these results.

These findings suggest that PHOX2B markers have anti-cancer activities. It also inhibits the growth of neuroblastoma cells. It also affects ALK gene expression. Tumorigenesis has been linked to the overexpression ALK gene in neuroblastoma. MMF is therefore approved for widespread action. Additional evidence supporting its anti-cancer actions was found in studies on rats and mice.

Moreover, PHOX2B can be found in a large number MES cells. Moreover, the MES-type neuroblastoma cells contain higher protein levels of NOTCH2, MAML2, and HES1. These genes are involved with signaling of NOTCH, transcriptional activation, dedifferentiation, and transcriptional activation. These three genes can be used to identify neuroblastoma cell lines from normal cells by using this marker.