MIF Antibodies

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)

Pro-inflammatory cytokine. Involved in the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens.

The expression of MIF in sites of inflammation suggests a role as mediator in regulating the use of macrophages in host defense. Counteracts the anti- inflammatory action of glucocorticoids.

Gene Information

Human
Gene Name:	MIF
Uniprot:	P14174
Entrez:	4282

Family

Belongs to:
MIF family

Alternative Names

EC 5.3.2.1; EC 5.3.3.12; GIFmacrophage migration inhibitory factor; GLIF; Glycosylation-inhibiting factor; L-dopachrome isomerase; L-dopachrome tautomerase; macrophage migration inhibitory factor (glycosylation-inhibiting factor); MIF; MMIF; Phenylpyruvate tautomerase

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
12.476 kDA

Genomic Context

Human
Location:	22q11.23
Sequence:	22; NC_000022.11 (23894383..23895223)

Subcellular Localizations

Secreted. Cytoplasm. Does not have a cleavable signal sequence and is secreted via a specialized, non-classical pathway. Secreted by macrophages upon stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or by M.tuberculosis antigens.

Diseases

• Inflammation
• Neoplasms
• Malignant Neoplasms
• Pneumonia
• Delayed Hypersensitivity
• Infective Disorder
• Arthritis
• Chlamydia Infections
• Inflammatory Response
• Systemic Infection
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Autoimmune Reaction

• Carcinoma
• Tumor Angiogenesis
• Pituitary Diseases
• Autoimmune Diseases
• Diabetes Mellitus
• Tissue Adhesions
• Atherosclerosis

Interacting Proteins

• EGFR
• WDYHV1

Pathways

• Pathogenesis
• Hypersensitivity
• Secretion
• Immune Response
• Inflammatory Response
• Cell Proliferation
• Angiogenesis
• Cytokine Production
• Localization
• Sensitization
• Cell Growth
• Phagocytosis
• Cell Cycle

• Cell Death
• Cell Migration
• Chemotaxis
• Wound Healing
• Cell Activation
• Macrophage Activation
• Leukocyte Migration

PTMs

• Phosphorylation
• Cleavage
• Reduction
• Methylation
• Oxidation
• Biotinylation
• Acetylation
• Cysteinylation

• Glycosylation
• Sumoylation
• Carboxylation
• Iodination
• Hydroxylation
• Ubiquitination
• Nitration
• Deacetylation

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/MIF

Best Uses Of The MIF Marker

MIF is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is found in the tissues of the human body. Its biomarker functions include diagnosing gastric cancer and bacterial infections following cardiac surgery. We'll discuss the best uses of the MIF marker in a variety of situations. For a better diagnosis learn more! Also, discover how to receive credit for sharing your results!

MIF is an inflammatory cytokine

MIF is a protein encoded by MIF gene. It is released by white cells when they are triggered by bacterial antigens and also by the anterior pituitary gland in response to trauma. MIF binds to the CD74 receptors on macrophages as well as lymphocytes, and triggers the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition to promoting cell proliferative capacity, MIF inhibits apoptosis and increases the production of prostaglandin E2.

Anti-MIF treatment did not affect the growth of fibrosis in the murine bleomycin-induced lung injury model. Patients with idiopathic lung inflammation had an increase in MIF levels in their BAL fluids. In human fibroblasts, MIF has proliferative activity that is dependent on the ligation of CD74.

While the role of MIF in cardiovascular disease is unclear, there are many studies that confirm the importance of this molecule in the inflammatory process. Studies in mice have indicated that MIF contributes to CVD through mediating the inflammatory pathways that cause the formation of plaques with vulnerability. Lifestyle modification programs that emphasize nutrition, exercise stress management, and lifestyle modifications have been demonstrated to decrease CVD risks.

MIF is an uncognate ligand for the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. In vitro studies have shown that it inhibited CXCR4 signaling. These studies suggest that MIF may also trigger the signal-transducing CD74 co-receptors. In addition to suppressing CD74, MIF also affects other chemokine receptors.

An oligomer (or Ab) triggers MIF secretion. MIF can be beneficial to neurons, however its proinflammatory effects could be restricted if cells do not have sufficient Ab deposits. To reduce the harmful effects of MIF, it is important to understand the MIF signal complex. In the next phase, we will study the way MIF influences the immune response to chronic inflammation diseases that are not linked to the CNS.

It is a biomarker of gastric cancer

Plasma MIF was created by researchers to use as a biomarker to detect gastric cancer. This biomarker significantly increases specificity and sensitivity of the diagnosis of NPC in patients at high-risk for developing the disease. Gastric cancer is the most fatal form of cancer worldwide and is the most common cancer in Eastern Asia. Gastric cancer's progression is linked to numerous genes and transcription factors. These genes can be identified through a differential coexpression analysis and the model of gene regulatory networks.

Researchers also looked into the role of MIF in central nervous system infections. The levels of MIF in serum MIF correlate with the severity of meningitis in patients. In addition, Rahman et al. Rahman and colleagues. found that the serum MIF could be a prognostic indicator in patients suffering from pancreatitis or necrosis. In addition, the concentration of MIF in urine could reflect MIF production through the infiltration of kidney inflammatory cells. MIF is also a great biomarker of renal infections. In addition high MIF/creatinine levels are associated with acute pyelonephritis.

Patients with advanced gastric cancer disease had high levels of MIF in their serum. MIF is more sensitive than CEA and has been used as a biomarker for gastric cancer. MIF and CEA combined are more sensitive than either of them. Furthermore, it has been found to be predictive for patients with non-melanoma skin cancers, hepatocellular carcinoma, and bladder cancer.

MIF is believed to be a possible therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. It has been proven that it inhibits the AKT serine/threoninekinase. MIF may also be involved in the process of tumorigenesis. However, it's unclear what MIF could affect pancreatic cancer. The results are positive and warrant further study. Let's first examine the impact of MIF on patients with pancreatic cancer before making any final decisions on its future.

It is a biomarker that indicates central nervous system infections.

The development of Boster Bio MIF as a biomarker of CNS disease was prompted by the fact that the immune system's response to this protein was strongly connected with tuberculous and bacterial meningitis. This biomarker could aid doctors to diagnose tuberculous meningitis accurately. Patients suffering from meningoencephalitis as well as abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were included in the study.

The study was focused on the presence of human bocavirus in a sample of CSF of patients suffering from severe respiratory illness (SARI). The study comprised 680 patients who had been involved in the SARI surveillance program. Multiplex reverse transcription polymerase-chain reaction test was used to detect the presence of hBoV and the hCoV-229E.

It is a biomarker for the presence of bacterial infections after surgery for the heart.

A study published in JAMA Pediatrics in April of 2015 looked at the predictive value of Boster Bio MIF for an infection caused by a bacterium after a cardiac surgery. The biomarker was significantly higher on days 1-3 after surgery than the previous measurement. Procalcitonin was also found to exhibit distinct characteristics in the bacterial infection group, peaking at 0.72 ng/mL on postoperative day 2 and dropping rapidly on days 1 through 4.

ELISA was used to test the specificity of Boster Bio Micro Infused Fifteen. The assay's sensitivity was assessed at the picogram scale. The MIF biomarker was also validated using a broad panel of samples and by histopathological analysis. The patient's symptoms were characterized as the onset and progress of bacteremia. After having a cardiac surgery, patients were treated with a long course of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Patients had full recovery. Endocarditis is often caused by Gram-negative organisms and can spread to the rest of the community.

It is a biomarker of ARD.

Utilizing the MIF assay, researchers looked at MIF activity in the FLS and serum of mice suffering from CIA or RA. Serum samples were collected at intervals of 10 minutes, and the absorbance at 475nm was recorded. The diminution in MIF activity was observed as the time progressed. The study also revealed a connection between MIF activity and RAF and cJun.

The MIF protein is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine that plays an important function in adaptive and innate immune responses. Studies have found a link between MIF expression to the development of immune-mediated diseases. One study found that MIF levels were elevated in synovial fluids tissues, and joints of patients suffering from rheumatoidarthritis (RA). The more severe the bone erosion and the more severe the bone erosion, the higher the MIF level. MIF has multiple roles in maintaining inflammatory responses and encouraging osteoclast differentiation.