Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 (ISG15)

Ubiquitin-like protein which plays a key role in the innate immune response to viral infection either via its conjugation to a target protein (ISGylation) or via its action as a free or unconjugated protein. ISGylation involves a cascade of enzymatic reactions between E1, E2, and E3 enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of ISG15 to a lysine residue in the target protein.

Its target proteins include IFIT1, MX1/MxA, PPM1B, UBE2L6, UBA7, CHMP5, CHMP2A, CHMP4B and CHMP6. Can also isgylate: EIF2AK2/PKR which contributes to its activation, DDX58/RIG-I which inhibits its function in antiviral signaling reaction, EIF4E2 which enhances its cap structure-binding activity and translation- inhibition activity, UBE2N and UBE2E1 which negatively regulates their activity, IRF3 which inhibits its ubiquitination and degradation and FLNB that prevents its ability to interact with the upstream activators of the JNK cascade therby inhibiting IFNA- induced JNK signaling.