eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 Antibodies

eIF-2-alpha kinase GCN2 (Eif2ak4)

Metabolic-stress sensing protein kinase that phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF-2-alpha/EIF2S1) on'Ser-52' in response to low amino acid availability (PubMed:10504407, PubMed:10655230, PubMed:12176355, PubMed:12215525, PubMed:15213227, PubMed:16054071, PubMed:16176978, PubMed:16121183, PubMed:15774759, PubMed:16601681, PubMed:26102367). Plays a role as an activator of the integrated stress response (ISR) required for adapatation to amino acid starvation.

Converts phosphorylated eIF-2-alpha/EIF2S1 either to a competitive inhibitor of the translation initiation factor eIF-2B, leading to a global protein synthesis repression, and thus to a reduced overall use of amino acids, or into a translational initiation activation of specific mRNAs, such as the transcriptional activator ATF4, and hence enabling ATF4-mediated reprogramming of amino acid biosynthetic gene expression to alleviate nutrient depletion (PubMed:10655230, PubMed:11106749, PubMed:12176355, PubMed:15213227, PubMed:16176978, PubMed:26102367). Binds uncharged tRNAs (By similarity).

Gene Information

Mouse
Gene Name:	Eif2ak4
Uniprot:	Q9QZ05
Entrez:	27103

Family

Belongs to:
protein kinase superfamily

Alternative Names

EIF2AK4; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 4; GCN2; GCN2GCN2 eIF2alpha kinase; GCN2-like protein; KIAA1338EC 2.7.11.1

Molecular Weight

Mass (kDA):
186.487 kDA

Genomic Context

Mouse
Location:	2|2 E5
Sequence:	2;

Tissue Specificity

Expressed in liver (PubMed:10504407). Expressed predominantly in the hippocampal CA1 region and the dentate gyrus, and to a lesser degree in CA3 (at protein level) (PubMed:16121183). Expressed in liver, lung, brain, kidney, skeletal muscle and testis (PubMed:10504407, PubMed:10655230). Expressed weakly in heart and spleen (PubMed:10655230). Expressed in the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions, the dentate gyrus and cerebellum (PubMed:16121183). Isoform 1 is widely expressed (PubMed:12215525). Isoform 1 is expressed in brain, liver, skeletal muscle and testis (PubMed:10655230). Isoform 3 is expressed in lung, brain, testis, prostate and choroid plexus (PubMed:12215525). Isoform 4 is expressed in muscle, lung, kidney, brain, testis and prostate (PubMed:10655230, PubMed:12215525).

Diseases

• Neoplasms
• Malignant Neoplasms
• Decreased Immunologic Activity [pe]
• Autoimmunity
• Malnutrition
• Physiological Stress
• Virus Diseases
• Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
• Liver Carcinoma
• Tumor Progression
• Hypoxia
• Malignant Paraganglionic Neoplasm

• Diabetes Mellitus
• Inflammation
• Growth Arrest
• Nervousness
• Graft-vs-host Disease
• Multiple Sclerosis

Pathways

• Translation
• Cell Cycle
• Autophagy
• Transport
• Cell Death
• Secretion
• Immune Response
• Regulation Of Gene Expression
• Response To Uv
• Feeding Behavior
• Long-term Memory
• Response To Stress
• Cell Proliferation

• Amino Acid Transport
• Cell Cycle Arrest
• Cell Growth
• Regulation Of Translation
• Protein Ubiquitination
• Macroautophagy
• Cell Differentiation

PTMs

• Phosphorylation
• Cleavage

• Dephosphorylation
• Reduction

• Ubiquitination

Research Areas

• Phospho-Specific
• Protein Kinase

For details, visit:
bosterbio.com/bosterbio-gene-info-cards/Eif2ak4

Best Uses Of The EIF2AK4 Marker

The EIF2AK4 marker has been the subject of many experiments, and its corresponding Boster Bio gene infographics are available for download. The gene infographics contain a number of optimization tips and troubleshooting guides that will help you maximize your experiments. The EIF2AK4 marker is a highly specific marker, and it has high affinity for the protein of interest. In addition to gene infographics, Boster Bio provides several guides for identifying the best conditions for successful experiments.

Boster Bio's gene infographics

The eIF2AK4 gene plays a key role in the cell's energy metabolism and in the regulation of many different transcription factors. This gene controls the activity of numerous genes involved in various processes and reduces the stress on the cell. Boster Bio's EIF2AK4 gene infographics explain this process in an easy-to-understand format. This interactive, downloadable infographic has useful links and a helpful table to make a quick study of the gene.

The EIF2AK4 gene is one of several known genes in PAH. Mutations in this gene are second-hit mutations in the disease and may contribute to the disease in individuals within a family with a single mutation. Further animal studies are necessary to determine whether two mutations in the same person have a synergistic effect. To make the best use of this research, researchers should first understand the molecular mechanism of PAH.

Optimization tips

Using Boster Bio's gene infographics to optimize your experiments is a great way to find out more about the gene you are looking for. These gene infographics cover all genes from mice and human. You can also search for a specific gene using the search bar. These guides will help you design the best experiments possible, and will save you time and effort by allowing you to find the information you need in a single location.

Troubleshooting guides

If you've got an EIF2AK4 paintball marker and you're experiencing problems with it, there are troubleshooting guides for most of these markers online. Here are some common issues and their solutions:

High-affinity primary antibodies

A high-affinity primary antibody is a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a specific epitope. A high-affinity antibody can be used in various research applications, including detection of biomolecules that may be responsible for the development of disease. The affinity of primary antibodies can be determined by measuring the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD), which is the ratio of the concentration of the reactants to the rate of dissociation into its component parts. The lower the KD value, the greater the affinity of the antibody.

Monoclonal antibodies are single molecules with variable moieties that bind to a single immunogenic epitope. Although monoclonal antibodies have modest affinity, they are resistant to frequent washing. They are also more stable across a range of pH and salt concentrations, but their affinity is low. The antibodies are made from a specific DNA sequence, which allows them to be tailored to a specific peptide epitope.

A monoclonal antibody is low-affinity. It recognizes a single protein immunogen, but it is still difficult to distinguish monotypic antibodies from polyclonal ones. When it comes to a small antigen, the chemistry of the antigen-hapten attachment becomes important. When monoclonal antibodies are used, the EIF2AK4 marker is the most specific marker for a particular antigen.

To determine the specificity of a specific antibody, multiple approaches must be used. Each method must be judged based on the "weight of evidence" it provides. In this article, we provide critical appraisal of these approaches. Our goal is to improve the accuracy of immunohistochemical assays in the clinic. Once we have an accurate idea of which antibodies have the highest specificity, we can determine whether to make a decision based on the quality of the immunohistochemical data.

Besides antibodies that are raised against specific proteins, the EIF2AK4 marker has been used to detect the peptide epitope in cancer cells. A good antibody should contain the entire molecular size range of a target protein, eliminating nonspecific binding. Alternatively, a single purified recombinant protein may bind to a single protein without a specific antigen. Coomassie staining can also indicate a specific immune response.